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<span>Gold have a single outer electron. This seems disadvantageous, energy-wise, until you look at the orbitals the electrons are in. The lone electron is in an S-orbital. This orbital is thus half full (since s-orbitals can contain 2 electrons), whereas all the other inner orbitals in silver and gold are filled, and hence exceptionally stable. After a full orbital, the next most stable orbital is a half full one. </span>
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that only contain single bonds in them. A carbon can bond with up to 4 atoms, even with another carbon atom. So, in a C-C bond, 3 more H atoms can bond to each of the C atom. Generally, the chemical formula for alkanes is CₓH₂ₓ₊₂. So for butane, there are 4 C atoms. The corresponding H atoms are 2(4) + 2 = 10. That's why it's chemical formula is C₄H₁₀.
