Answer:
An ultra intense laser is one with which intensities greater than 1015 W cm-2 can be achieved.
Explanation:
This intensity, which was the upper limit of lasers until the invention of the Chirped Pulse Amplification, CPA technique, is the value around which nonlinear effects on the transport of radiation in materials begin to appear.
Currently, the most powerful lasers reach intensities of the order of 1021W cm-2 and powers of Petawatts, PW, in each pulse. This range of intensities has opened the door for lasers to a multitude of disciplines and scientific areas traditionally reserved for accelerators and nuclear reactors, applying as generators of high-energy electron, ion, neutron and photon beams, without the need for expensive infrastructure.
Answer:
4.42 x 10⁷ W/m²
Explanation:
A = energy absorbed = 500 J
η = efficiency = 0.90
E = Total energy
Total energy is given as
E = A/η
E = 500/0.90
E = 555.55 J
t = time = 4.00 s
Power of the beam is given as
P = E /t
P = 555.55/4.00
P = 138.88 Watt
d = diameter of the circular spot = 2.00 mm = 2 x 10⁻³ m
Area of the circular spot is given as
A = (0.25) πd²
A = (0.25) (3.14) (2 x 10⁻³)²
A = 3.14 x 10⁻⁶ m²
Intensity of the beam is given as
I = P /A
I = 138.88 / (3.14 x 10⁻⁶)
I = 4.42 x 10⁷ W/m²
Answer: it needs to function using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil.
Explanation:
Answer:
The temperature will decrease (get colder).
Explanation:
Enthalpy changes are heat changes accompanying physical and chemical changes. The enthalpy change is the difference between the sum of the heat contents of products and the sum of heat contents of reactants.
- For an endothermic change, heat is absorbed for the reaction.
- The surrounding becomes colder at the end of the reaction and so is the reaction itself.
- The right choice is that the temperature will decrease.
