Answer:
The three primary sources of authority that tax professionals should check against the citator before relying on those sources for important matters are;
1. Revenue procedures
2. Revenue rulings
3. Judicial decisions
Explanation:
A citator can be defined as an index of legal resources that allows the researcher to find newer documents of the original document and thus the history of statues and cases can be reconstructed. This has been collectively termed as shepardizing. There are different kinds of citators depending on the type of case one is handling. In our case, we are dealing with tax professionals. Tax professionals deal with three primary sources of authority that tax professionals should check against the citator before relying on those sources for important matters. These primary sources are; revenue procedures, revenue rulings and judicial decisions. They are further elaborated below;
1. Revenue procedures
A revenue procedure is a set of guide that give direction on how to apply law, regulations and rulings. They majorly give direction on matters involving tax.
2. Revenue rulings
A revenue ruling is an order directly from the Internal Revenue Services (IRS) that has the full backing of the law and therefor enforceable. Such rulings on revenue, give direction on how the IRS understands the tax laws. Since the IRS is an authority constituted by top-level tax professionals, a revenue ruling can be used by other tax professionals to cite cases of similar nature.
3. Judicial decisions
Judicial decisions is a statement of advice written by a judge or a panel of judges that serves as a guide in solving a legal dispute. They involve a written legal opinion that tends to justify how and why they arrived to that conclusion to solve the dispute. The same thinking can be used by other professionals in other disputes of a similar nature to solve them.
Lean operations including manufacturing and production are a system to minimize waste. This system works proactively and tries to limit the amount of productivity being wasted to manufacture items. Less transactions are needed in this system being they are efficient throughout the organization.
Answer:
A. The government lowers tax rates and undertakes a replacement of old bridges and roads
B. The government lowers tax rates and issues a partial refund of taxes that have already been paid
These 2 statements are correct explained below
Explanation:
A. The government lowers tax rates and undertakes a replacement of old bridges and roads, this statement is correct because when the government lowers tax rates it means that people have higher disposable income on their hands therefore they can spend more which increases demand, and people also invest more which increases supply, also the replacement of bridges and roads is improvement in infrastructure and this also increases supply as transportation is easier and cheaper for businesses.
B. The government lowers tax rates and issues a partial refund of taxes that have already been paid, this statement is correct because when the government lowers tax rates it means that people have higher disposable income on their hands therefore they can spend more which increases demand, and people also invest more which increases supply, also refund of taxes will increase the disposable money that people have so they can invest and consume both which will increase both supply and demand.
C. The government raises tax rates and reduces unemployment insurance payment
This is contraction fiscal policy and will do the opposite of expansionary fiscal policy, that is why this statement is incorrect.
D. The Federal Reserve increases the money supply and lowers the interest rate while the government simultaneously reduces future taxes. This statement is wrong because lowering the interest rate is an expansionary monetary policy and not an expansionary fiscal policy.
Answer:
Option (C) is correct.
Explanation:
In an unregulated market, negative externality results in a higher social marginal cost than the firm marginal cost because this market is not properly regulated by the government officials. Hence, these firms are not taking into account the effect of negative externalities in their cost.
We know that the consumer's decision is more offenly based on the point where the marginal cost is equal to the marginal benefit because they are not taking the impact of negative externalities.
If proper action is not taken by the government, negative externality will result in a market inefficiencies.
Answer:
are still used by nations as a means of rewarding their friends and punishing their enemies
Explanation:
Trade barriers "are still used by nations as a means of rewarding their friends and punishing their enemies."
The above statement is based on the fact that trade barriers have been analyzed to be damaging and reduce the total economic advantage of the affected countries.
For example, the imposition of taxes on food imports and subsidies for farmers in advanced countries leads to overproduction and eventually dumping on world markets, thereby reducing the prices and affecting the developing countries' farmers.
