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solniwko [45]
3 years ago
6

What other evidence could you use to analyze evolutionary relatedness among gibbons, monkeys, and humans?

Biology
1 answer:
AysviL [449]3 years ago
5 0

Since the question is incomplete, the answer will include the generalize ways that can be used to analyze evolutionary relatedness among gibbons, monkeys, and humans.

Answer:

The evolutionary relationship is important to understand the evolution of the organisms. The common ancestors and closely related species of the organisms can be known by study the evolutionary relationship of the organism.

The DNA sequence and the amino acid sequence of gibbons, monkeys, and humans are quite similar with each other. The gibbons and humans have more then 99% DNA sequence similarity. The physical characteristics, cranial capacity and anatomical characteristics of the gibbons, monkeys, and humans are more or less similar with each other.

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Explain how we know that DNA breaks and rejoins during recombination.
alisha [4.7K]

Answer:

It occurs through homologous recombination

Explanation:

GENERAL RECOMBINATION OR HOMOLOGIST

           Previously we defined its general characteristics. We will now describe a molecular model of this recombination, based on the classic Meselson and Radding, modified with the latest advances. Do not forget that we are facing a model, that is, a hypothetical proposal to explain a set of experimental data. Not all points of this model are fully clarified or demonstrated:

           Suppose we have an exogenote and an endogenote, both consisting of double helices. In recombination models, the exogenote is usually referred to as donor DNA, and the endogenote as recipient DNA.

1) Start of recombination: Homologous recombination begins with an endonucleotide incision in one of the donor double helix chains. Responsible for this process is the nuclease RecBCD (= nuclease V), which acts as follows: it is randomly attached to the donor's DNA, and moves along the double helix until it finds a characteristic sequence called c

Once the sequence is recognized, the RecBCD nuclease cuts to 4-6 bases to the right (3 'side) of the upper chain (as we have written above). Then, this same protein, acting now as a helicase, unrolls the cut chain, causing a zone of single-stranded DNA (c.s. DNA) to move with its 3 ’free end

2) The gap left by the displaced portion of the donor cut chain is filled by reparative DNA synthesis.

3) The displaced single chain zone of the donor DNA is coated by subunits of the RecA protein (at the rate of one RecA monomer per 5-10 bases). Thus, that simple chain adopts an extended helical configuration.

4) Assimilation or synapse: This is the key moment of action of RecA. Somehow, the DNA-bound RecA c.s. The donor facilitates the encounter of the latter with the complementary double helix part of the recipient, so that in principle a triple helix is formed. Then, with the hydrolysis of ATP, RecA facilitates that the donor chain moves to the homologous chain of the receptor, and therefore matches the complementary one of that receptor. In this process, the chain portion of the donor's homologous receptor is displaced, causing the so-called "D-structure".

It is important to highlight that this process promoted by RecA depends on the donor and the recipient having great sequence homology (from 100 to 95%), and that these homology segments are more than 100 bases in length.

Note that this synapse involves the formation of a portion of heteroduplex in the double receptor helix: there is an area where each chain comes from a DNA c.d. different parental (donor and recipient).

5) It is assumed that the newly displaced chain of the recipient DNA (D-structure) is digested by nucleases.

6) Covalent union of the ends originating in the two homologous chains. This results in a simple cross-linking whereby the two double helices are "tied." The resulting global structure is called the Holliday structure or joint.

7) Migration of the branches: a complex formed by the RuvA and RuvB proteins is attached to the crossing point of the Holliday structure, which with ATP hydrolysis achieve the displacement of the Hollyday crossing point: in this way the portion of heteroduplex in both double helices.

8) Isomerization: to easily visualize it, imagine that we rotate the two segments of one of the DNA c.d. 180o with respect to the cross-linking point, to generate a flat structure that is isomeric from the previous one ("X structure").

9) Resolution of this structure: this step is catalyzed by the RuvC protein, which cuts and splices two of the chains cross-linked at the Hollyday junction. The result of the resolution may vary depending on whether the chains that were not previously involved in the cross-linking are cut and spliced, or that they are again involved in this second cutting and sealing operation:

a) If the cuts and splices affect the DNA chains that were not previously involved in the cross-linking, the result will be two reciprocal recombinant molecules, where each of the 4 chains are recombinant (there has been an exchange of markers between donor and recipient)

b) If the cuts and splices affect the same chains that had already participated in the first cross-linking, the result will consist of two double helices that present only two portions of heteroduplex DNA.

8 0
3 years ago
The formation of the fertilization envelope (slow-block to polyspermy) requires an increase in the availability of _____.
jok3333 [9.3K]
<span>The formation of the fertilization envelope (slow-block to polyspermy) requires an increase in the availability of </span>calcium ions.

Slow-block to polyspermy is also called cortical reaction. In this reaction, the sperm will be permanently blocked by cortical granules. The release of calcium ion will trigger this reaction.
7 0
3 years ago
In what phase of meiosis are tetrads separated as homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell?
mafiozo [28]
A. Metaphase I  b. Metaphase II<span>c. Anaphase I 
</span>
5 0
3 years ago
How many amino acids are found in nature
Firdavs [7]

Answer:

para la mayoría de los seres vivos son 20

Explanation: alanina, arginina, asparagina, aspartato, cisteína, fenilalanina, glicina, glutamato, glutamina, histidina, isoleucina, leucina, lisina, metionina, prolina, serina, tirosina, treonina, triptófano y valina.

Sin embargo, hay excepciones: en algunos seres vivos el código genético tiene pequeñas modificaciones y puede codificar otros aminoácidos

3 0
3 years ago
Which of the following behaviors is not a result of seasonal changes?
Tems11 [23]
<span>The behavior that is not a result of seasonal changes is : C. circadian rhythm Cicadian rhythm refer to the Physiological cycle that's experienced by living organisms within a day, This cycle is not a reasolg of seasonal change because the factor that influence it the most is time period within 24hours, and the time process usually the same no matter what season they are in</span>
4 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
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