Speciation<span> is the term used to describe the formation of a new </span>species<span> due to </span>natural selection<span>.</span>
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According to the pyramid of energy, the energy content is maximum in autotrophs or producers. Autotrophs are the plants which prepare their food by photosynthesis. They are the primary producers and primary source of food energy. The flow of energy is unidirectional from producer to consumer level.
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Egg and sperm cells have to have half the number of chromosomes as in body cells so when they combine to form a zygote, the zygote is diploid and has the correct number of chromosomes. This explanation describes why meiosis produces haploid cells.
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Meiosis is a type of cell division in which four haploid cells are produced from a diploid parent cell having two copies of each chromosome, where the number of chromosomes in the parent cell is reduced to half by undergoing DNA replication and nuclear division. Diploid cell contains two copies of each chromosome, one inherited from mother and the other from father while haploid cell contains only one copy of each chromosome. Examples of diploid cells (somatic cells) are skin, blood, muscle cells etc. Eggs or ovum (female gametes) and sperm (male gametes) are haploid reproductive cells. If the total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell is represented as '2n', then the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell is 'n'. During the fertilization process in an organism, the correct number of chromosomes is restored when the haploid male and female gamete combined to form a single diploid zygote, which is the first developmental stage of an organism.
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Anterograde amnesia is the inability to create new memories after the onset of amnesia, while memories from before the event remain intact. Brain regions related to this condition include the medial temporal lobe, medial diencephalon, and hippocampus. Anterograde amnesia can be caused by the effects of long-term alcoholism, severe malnutrition, stroke, head trauma, surgery, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, cerebrovascular events, anoxia, or other trauma. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories made before the onset of amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is usually caused by head trauma or brain damage to parts of the brain other than the hippocampus (which is involved with the encoding process of new memories). Brain damage causing retrograde amnesia can be as varied as a cerebrovascular accident, stroke, tumor, hypoxia, encephalitis, or chronic alcoholism. The there is encoding failure. Encoding is the process of converting sensory input into a form able to be processed and stored in the memory. However, this process can be impacted by a number of factors, and how well information is encoded affects how well it is able to be recalled later. On the other hand, retrieval failure is the failure to recall information in the absence of memory cues. Proactive interference occurs when old memories hinder the ability to make new memories. In this type of interference, old information inhibits the ability to remember new information, such as when outdated scientific facts interfere with the ability to remember updated facts. This often occurs when memories are learned in similar contexts, or regarding similar things. It’s when we have preconceived notions about situations and events, and apply them to current situations and events.Retroactive interference occurs when old memories are changed by new ones, sometimes so much that the original memory is forgotten. This is when newly learned information interferes with and impedes the recall of previously learned information. The ability to recall previously learned information is greatly reduced if that information is not utilized, and there is substantial new information being presented. This often occurs when hearing recent news figures, then trying to remember earlier facts and figures.
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