Answer:
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Explanation:
To understand how gene expression is regulated, we must first understand how a gene codes for a functional protein in a cell. The process occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, just in slightly different manners.
Prokaryotic organisms are single-celled organisms that lack a cell nucleus, and their DNA therefore floats freely in the cell cytoplasm. To synthesize a protein, the processes of transcription and translation occur almost simultaneously. When the resulting protein is no longer needed, transcription stops. As a result, the primary method to control what type of protein and how much of each protein is expressed in a prokaryotic cell is the regulation of DNA transcription. All of the subsequent steps occur automatically. When more protein is required, more transcription occurs. Therefore, in prokaryotic cells, the control of gene expression is mostly at the transcriptional level.
Eukaryotic cells, in contrast, have intracellular organelles that add to their complexity. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is contained inside the cell’s nucleus and there it is transcribed into RNA. The newly synthesized RNA is then transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where ribosomes translate the RNA into protein. The processes of transcription and translation are physically separated by the nuclear membrane; transcription occurs only within the nucleus, and translation occurs only outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm. The regulation of gene expression can occur at all stages of the process (Figure 1). Regulation may occur when the DNA is uncoiled and loosened from nucleosomes to bind transcription factors (epigenetic level), when the RNA is transcribed (transcriptional level), when the RNA is processed and exported to the cytoplasm after it is transcribed (post-transcriptional level), when the RNA is translated into protein (translational level), or after the protein has been made (post-translational level).
The oak tree fungal pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, has migrated 800 kilometers in 15 years. West Nile virus spread from New York State to 46 other states in 5 years. The difference in the rate of spread is probably related to the mobility of their hosts
<h3>What is
West Nile virus ?</h3>
West Nile fever is brought on by the single-stranded RNA virus known as the West Nile virus (WNV). It belongs to the same genus as the Zika virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus, Flavivirus, and is a member of the family Flaviviridae. Mosquitoes, primarily Culex species, are the main vectors of the virus. Since birds are the major hosts for WNV, the virus continues to spread via a "bird-mosquito-bird" cycle. The virus shares genetic ancestry with the family of viruses that cause Japanese encephalitis.
The virus causes disease symptoms in both humans and horses, and symptoms are hardly seen in other animals. In Uganda, the human sickness was first recognized in 1937, and in the second half of the 20th century, it spread to many other countries.
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Answer:
d is the right answer to your question
The soil has to be not too acid or not too basic
Answer:
A. Sexual reproduction
Explanation:
A multicellular organism is made up of more than one cell. Humans, animals, and plants are all examples of multicellular organisms. Groups of cells form tissue, groups of tissue forms organs, groups of organs form systems.
Unicellular organisms receive material directly from their environment. Multicellular organisms have systems for moving materials throughout their body. Unicellular organisms can perform all of life’s functions within a single cell. Multicellular organisms have many cells that each perform a special function. Cells develop into their mature forms through the process of cell differentiation. Cells differ because different combinations of genes are expressed. Organs are groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function. Organ systems are groups of organs that carry out similar functions.
For example, stem cells are classified into three types: totipotent (or growing into any other cell type), pluripotent, or growing into any cell type but a totipotent cell), multipotent (or growing into cells of a closely related cell family).
