When the fourth caliph was murdered by other muslims causing a great disturbance. Some people wanted Ali as the caliph when others wanted someone else.When Ali was murdered the groups split eventually being caleled Sunni and Shi'a.
1. Feudal lords force King John to sign the Magna Carta.
The Magna Carta was a document created in 1215. Feudal lords were unhappy with the taxation system at the time, which is why they made the king create a document which would be in their favor. He had to sign it at Runnymede, in 1215.
2. Parliament claims the rights of citizens with the Petition of Right.
This is a document created in 1628. It is an important document in English history because it restricted the authority of the king and protected the freedoms of the citizens. This document dealt with taxes, unlawful imprisonment, martial law, etc.
3. The English Bill of Rights expands more rights to commoners.
Bill of Rights is another document created to protect civil and natural rights of citizens. It was signed in 1689 and similarly to Petition of Right, it was passed in order to restrict the authority of the monarch and the Parliament as well.
The answer is arrangements taken by the British government in the Intolerable Acts.
