Answer:
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Explanation:
<span>1. The kidney's ability to concentrate urine depends on the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid of two structures: the cortex and the medulla.
The answer is true. To concentrate urine, the kidney has to move some substance through the medulla and cortex cells. The osmolarity gradient of both structures will determine the capability to do it work.
2. this osmolarity gradient is maintained by both the passive transport and the active transport of </span>NaCl.
The water will follow salt. By transporting the sodium chloride(salt), it will help inducing water movement in the latter phase. This will makes the urine concentrated as the water content is decreased. This mechanism will also help to retain body fluid in case of hypovolemia. There is Na/K atpase pump that actively moves sodium and potassium ion.
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3. the osmolarity gradient is also maintained by the passive transport of U</span>rea<span>.
</span>Urea is a hydrophobic molecule that can move between the membrane. Urea and ammonia will be able to diffuse in and out of the filtrate. In fact, one of the main function of urine production is to dump the urea because it is toxic to the body.
Urea also has active transport called urea transporter(UT-B and UT-2A) so it is not totally passive.
<span>4. water responds to the osmolarity gradient by moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration--a process called osmosis.
The movement of solvent between semipermeable membrane is called osmosis. The substance that dissolved will attract water, makes the solution with higher concentration will attract water more than the solution with lower concentration.
5. osmosis does not require energy. for this reason, osmosis is a form of passive </span>transportation<span>.
The direction of osmosis is not against the gradient of concentration. This movement is not using energy so it is called passive transport. The opposite would be active transport that use energy to move a substance against the gradient of concentration.
6. the loss of water from the filtrate results in urine that highly concentrated
After the water is reabsorbed from the filtrate, it will leave the kidney as a highly concentrated urine. Note that the concentration of the urine depends on the fluid level of the body. If the body has an excess fluid, the urine will be diluted instead.
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Answer:
B.Proteins
Explanation:
mainly proteins have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and phosphates in common.
carbohydrates have only Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
The process by which oxygen is used during the product of most of the ATP from cellular (aerobic) respiration
The electron transport chain is a process that moves hydrogen ions across a membrane to produce large amounts of ATP.
The final step in transferring the energy of sunlight and glucose to the usable energy of ATP takes place during the electron transport chain. This step is a complex process, but in the end, the amount of ATP produced allows complex life to flourish on earth.
The last stage of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain.
The last phase of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain . The electron transport chain cranks out large amounts of ATP—in fact, it produces most of the ATP that a cell needs to drive all of its processes. In this stage, the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 that were produced in the Krebs cycle are ready to donate their energy to produce ATP.
As with glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, you don't need to memorize every detail of the electron transport chain. Rather, it is important that you learn the main components of the process and have a basic understanding of what goes on.
The electron transport chain takes place within the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Recall that mitochondria have two membranes—an inner membrane and an outer membrane. The folds of the inner membrane, or cristae , create a very large surface area.
The electron transport chain takes place in the cristae. The large surface area of the cristae allows many substances to cross the membrane at one time.
The Earth’s core is made of solid Iron
