A trait is a specific characteristic of an organism. Traits can be determined by genes or the environment, or more commonly by interactions between them. The genetic contribution to a trait is called the genotype. The outward expression of the genotype is called thephenotype.
An established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus in: higher-order conditioning.
Classical conditioning refer to a learning process that involves the repeated pairing of two (2) stimuli:
Basically, classical conditioning is a learning procedure which helps psychologists in understanding when a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned response or a neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus.
Similarly, a higher-order conditioning involves pairing an established conditioned stimulus with a new neutral (the second-order) stimulus, in order to make the new stimulus elicit (bring forth) the conditioned response, without presenting the initial conditioned stimulus.
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Binding to different receptors
