Hans Krebs as the scientist who was pivotal in making some type of discovery that led to our understanding of the basic nature of cells.
Hans Krebs (25 August 1900 – 22 November 1981) was a British physician and biochemist born in Germany. He discovered that nutrients are broken down in our cells to release energy for the construction of cells
The correct answer is C. humans
Language is an advanced system for communication available only to humans. Dolphins, chimps, and bees, use other means to communicate, but it is not a language, it's mostly things like smells or pheromones or similar things.
ATPase is the enzyme which is required to create ATP and is denoted as option B.
<h3>What is ATPase?</h3>
This type of enzyme is found in the mitochondrion and catalyzes the formation of ATP which provides energy to cells.
The ATP which is referred to as adenosine triphosphate is formed from the molecules known as ADP and inorganic phosphate which are present in the body cells. This ensures that the daily energy needs of the body are met.
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Replacing lysine with aspartic acid is really a change in the primary structure (the sequence of the amino acids - think in a chain). But because they are really different amino acids, the effect is much more profound and will affect the tertiary structure of the protein.
Lysine has a basic, positively charged side chain. Aspartic acid has a negatively charged carboxyl group for its side chain. So, they are two very different amino acids.
Since the tertiary structure of a protein is a result of the interactions of the various interactions of the amino acid side chains, you have to think about what a swap of a basic positive amino acid with a negatively charged amino acid could cause.
For example, if the lysine side chain interacted in ionic interactions (i.e. attraction to a negatively charged amino acid), if you swap it for aspartic acid which is negatively charged it will now repel the other amino acid's side chain and that would disrupt the tertiary structure of the protein. It would also likely cause disruption to the quaternary structure as well.
If this change was in an important part of the protein (e.g. the active site of an enzyme) then it would likely disrupt the proper functioning of this protein.
If you wanted to make the least amount of change to a protein by making a mutation to that lysine amino acid, you would choose other basic amino acids which are histidine and arginine.
