Are you looking for an appropriate word to name this?
I think that a good name is "propaganda", especially when the information is of political relevance.
In the past (and to some extend present) some totalitarian or non-democratic states used propaganda to shape public opinion.
Answer:
A. Beta coefficient.
Explanation:
This is widely used in regression analysis and in most times in capital asset pricing models (CAPM). The beta coefficient is a measure of an asset's risk and return in relation to a broad market, meaning that it will show, more or less, how the asset or a portfolio of assets will respond as the market moves up or down. It is used in the capital asset pricing model and regression analysis.
It also can be the measurement of how much the value of a particular share has changed in a particular period of time, compared to the average change in the value of shares in the stocks.
France, England, Spain and either Sweden or Netherlands. Both did so either is ok.
