Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
A Tropical monsoon climate<span> (occasionally known as a </span>tropical wet climate<span> or a </span>tropical monsoon and trade-wind littoral climate<span>) is a type of </span>climate<span> that corresponds to the </span>Köppen climate classification<span> category "Am". Tropical monsoon climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 °C in every month of the year and feature </span>wet<span> and </span>dry<span> seasons, as </span><span>Tropical savanna climates</span>
Answer:
Corn crop is resistant to herbicides because they are genetically modified through genetic engineering. There are some bacteria which are resistant to herbicides i. e. no effect of chemicals on that bacteria. So the biotechnologist take a gene from this resistant bacteria and induced it in the corn plant which becomes the part of their genetic makeup. So when we apply herbicide, the gene produces some enzymes which cancel the adverse affect of herbicide and only weeds are affected.
Answer:
Crossing over ensures that organisms of the same parents have differences in genetic content making them unique in one way or the other.
Explanation:
This question is describing the process of crossing over, which occurs only during prophase I of meiosis. During the process of crossing over, alleles of a gene are exchanged between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes (mother and father chromosomes).
Hence, a unique GAMETE that has been genetically recombined will be formed. When these gametes are fertilized (egg) or fertilizes (sperm), organisms that are genetically different from their parents are produced. This ensures genetic variation, which is a difference in the genetic content of organisms.
