Answer with Explanation:
Gramicidine is an antibiotic that has a polypeptide structure and is composed of 3 chains. This molecule can adopt a structure called beta 6-3 helix, so as to form a channel through the cell membrane of bacteria which allows the passage of ions (in this case cations) such as H +, K + or Na +, this situation leads to that in the cell alterations in the content of cellular cations are generated, among the effects the loss of potassium that can cause the death of the cell due to hemolysis due to alteration in the permeability of the membrane is highlighted. This effect is known as the ionophore effect.
An ionophore effect leads to the inhibition in the release of H + to the mitochondrial electronic transport chain.
Gramicidin thanks to its mechanism of action, when it produces interference specifically in a cellular organelle called mitochondria in the inner mitochondrial membrane, it is responsible for interrupting the passage of electrons, alters the gradient of H + and the performance of the enzyme called ATP- synthase which is responsible for producing ATP.
The damage that the entire previous situation produces on oxidative phosphorylation, leads to the refusal of ADP refosphorylation, then ADP and its hydrolysis products will accumulate, and finally the result will be a decrease in ATP levels.
Answer:
1. Mutation
2. Epigenetics
Explanation:
1. Mutation occurs when there is a change in an organism's DNA sequence as a result of mistakes in DNA replication or as a result of environmental factors like smoking. The mutation in a single organism can be passed on to other generations hence causing a genetic variation in the population, this obeys the Darwin's law that inherited traits (genetic) are passed on to other generations
2. Epigenetics are changes in gene expression that doesn't involve changes in the DNA sequences unlike mutation. This changes can be passed on to other generations and hence cause a variation in the population. This obeys the Lamarckian evolution that acquired traits are passed on to other generations.
A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence, either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the result of environmental factors such as UV light and cigarette smoke.
Answer:
The correct answer is dopamine.
Explanation:
The pleasure pathway also termed as a reward pathway. It is a dopaminergic or dopamine stimulated pathway in the brain. These are groups of projection neurons present in the brain. These projections secrete the neurotransmitter called dopamine. It is related to happiness or reward hormones stimulate during pleasure.
Cocaine exhibits addictive effects by acting on, a set of interconnected parts that manage pleasure by producing dopamine.
Thus, the correct answer is dopamine.
