The dominant species present in water if the ph is held constant at ph = 8 is 
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<h3>What is ph?</h3>
The pH scale is used in chemistry to determine whether an aqueous solution is basic or acidic. Historically, pH stood for "potential of hydrogen." The pH values of acidic solutions are typically lower than those of basic or alkaline solutions.
A solution's pH is a significant indicator of its chemical composition. The pH can affect how readily available nutrients are, how biological processes work, how bacteria behave, and how chemicals behave. The negative log base 10 of the hydronium concentration is used to define pH. The pH is a logarithmic indicator of how many hydrogen ions are present in a solution. Since pH is measured on a log scale, a pH increase of 1 equates to a 10x increase in the concentration of H+ ions.
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Answer:
Chemical, cause physical are changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but not its chemical composition. This doesn't affect the substance but the composition.
Explanation:
Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates. Ferrous ion may also be present;
<u>Explanation</u>:
- Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates. Ferrous ion may also be present; oxidized to the ferric form. It appears as a reddish brown stain on washed fabrics and enameled surfaces.
- Water hardness that is caused by calcium bicarbonates is known as temporary, because boiling converts the bicarbonates to the insoluble carbonates; hardness from other salts is called permanent.
- Calcium and magnesium ions in hard water react with the higher fatty acids off soap to form an insoluble gelatinous curd, thereby causing a waste of the soap.
