Answer:
(a) The value of P (M | V) is 0.30.
(b) The value of
is 0.70.
(c) The value of P (V | M) is 0.375.
(d) The value of
is 0.625.
Step-by-step explanation:
It is provided that,
<em>V</em> = a student has a Visa card
<em>M</em> = a student has a Master card
N = 100, n (<em>V</em>) = 40, n (<em>M</em>) = 32 and n (<em>V</em> ∩ <em>M</em>) = 12.
The probability of a student having visa card is:

The probability of a student having master card is:

The probability of a student having visa card and a master card is:

The conditional probability of an event, say A, given that another event, say B, has already occurred is,

(a)
Compute the probability that a student has a master card given that he/she has a visa card also, i.e. P (M | V) as follows:

Thus, the value of P (M | V) is 0.30.
(b)
Compute the probability that a student does not have a master card given that he/she has a visa card also, i.e.
as follows:

Thus, the value of
is 0.70.
(c)
Compute the probability that a student has a visa card given that he/she has a master card also, i.e. P (V | M) as follows:

Thus, the value of P (V | M) is 0.375.
(d)
Compute the probability that a student does not have a visa card given that he/she has a master card also, i.e.
as follows:

Thus, the value of
is 0.625.