ATP is produced in the Calvin cycle
1. Biologists, just like astronomers examine past data to determine what was and what is likely to be, they both look back in time. Biologists study fossil records, and astronomers use the telescope to study galaxies.
2. Both biologists and astronomers seek to understand and appreciate life, for the biologist here on earth, and for astronomers in space.
3. There is uncertainty on both sides about the future evolution of the universe. What guides them is the past, and none is sure of the future evolution.
Answer:
The reaction is at equilibrium
Explanation:
The Krebs cycle is an aerobic pathway because the final electron acceptor required is oxygen.
The most common situation leading to a disruption in the function of Krebs cycle is the lack of oxygen to accept electrons in the electron transport chain.
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate (isomerization), is catalyzed by the enzyme, aconitase (also known as aconitate hydratase). The hydroxyl (alcohol) group of citrate is moved to an adjacent carbon so that it can be oxidized to form a keto group.
This reaction involves generation of an enzyme-bound intermediate, cisaconitate. At equilibrium, there exists 90% citrate, 3% cisaconitate, and 7% isocitrate; hence the equilibrium of aconitase lies toward citrate formation.
Although the aconitase reaction does not require cofactors, it requires ferrous (Fe2+) iron in its catalytic mechanism. This Fe2+ is involved in an iron–sulfur center, which is an essential component in the hydratase activity of aconitase.
According to Gibb's free energy:
ΔG = 0 - Reaction at equilibrium.
ΔG > 0 - non-spontaneous reaction.
ΔG < 0 - spontaneous reaction.
The characteristic that fish and invertebrates share is that they both can lay eggs.
<h3>INVERTEBRATES:</h3>
Invertebrates are a group of animals that do not possess a vertebral column also known as a backbone or spine, which results from the notochord.
Invertebrates include insects, crustaceans, arachnids, myriapods, mollusks etc.
Fishes, on the other hand are aquatic animals classified under the phylum vertebrata meaning that they possess a backbone.
However, one similarity between fishes and invertebrates is that they can both lay eggs (oviparous mode of reproduction).
Learn more about invertebrates at: brainly.com/question/480297
