Le Chatelier's principle simply explains how equilibria change as you change the conditions of a reaction. If you have a reaction that is at equilibrium lets say (A + 2B <--> C + D) by removing C or D we can drive the reaction forward and products more products. I can provide a more in-depth description if needed.
These are related but can be independent, because it is possible to, the theories are studied in mathematical logic, especially in model theory
Gold has a heavy enough nucleus that its electrons must travel at speeds nearing the speed of light to prevent them from falling into the nucleus. This relativistic effect applies to those orbitals that have appreciable density at the nucleus, such as s and p orbitals. These relativistic electrons gain mass and as a consequence, their orbits contract. As these s and (to some degree) p orbits are contracted, the other electrons in d and f orbitals are better screened from the nucleus and their orbitals actually expand.
Since the 6s orbital with one electron is contracted, this electron is more tightly bound to the nucleus and less available for bonding with other atoms. The 4f and 5d orbitals expand, but can't be involved in bond formation since they are completely filled. This is why gold is relatively unreactive.
Hope it helps
M/V=D
40.5/15=2.7
The density of the block of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm³.
The correct answer for the question that is being presented above is this one: "b. positive" Eugen Goldstein discovered in 1886 that atoms also have positive charges. He was a German physicist and an early investigator of discharge tubes. He also discovered the anode rays.
