Reaction rate is calculated using the formula rate = Δ[C]/Δt, where Δ[C] is the change in product concentration during time period Δt. The rate of reaction can be observed by watching the disappearance of a reactant or the appearance of a product over time. If a reaction produces a gas such as oxygen or carbon dioxide, there are two ways to measure the reaction rate: using a gas syringe to measure the gas produced, or calculating the reduction in the mass of the reaction solution. If the reaction produces a precipitate, the amount formed can be used to determine reaction rate by measuring how long it takes for the forming precipitate to obscure the visibility of a cross through a conical flask.
<span>A generator converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy, while a motor does the opposite - it converts
electrical energy into mechanical energy.</span>
