<u>First law of thermodynamics:</u>
- It states that <em>"Energy neither be created nor it can be destroyed". </em>simply it converts one form of energy into another form.
- It is also known as<em> "law of conservation of energy"</em>
<u>Limitations of First law</u>
- It doesn't provide a clear idea about the direction of transfer of heat.
- It doesn't provide the information that how much heat energy converted inti work.
- Its not given any practical applications.
<u>II law of thermodynamics:</u>
It states that <em>"the total entropy of the system can never decrease over time"</em>
It is strongly proved by two laws, they are
<em>1. Kelvin-plank statement:</em>
He stated that "any engine does not give 100% efficiency". It violates the Perpetual motion of machine II kind<em>(PMM-II).</em>
<em>2. Classius statement: </em>
<em> </em><em> It states that "Heat always flows from high temperature body to low temperature body, without aid of external energy". </em>
<em> Also it stated that " Heat can also be transferred from low temperature body to high temperature body, by the aid of an external energy".</em>
<em>Applications of II law: </em>
<em>Refrigeration &Air conditioning, Heat transfer, I.C. engines, etc.</em>
Change, Alteration, Variation, Remaking etc...
Answer:
The intensity of laser 2 is 4 times of the intensity of laser 1.
Explanation:
The intensity in terms of electric field is given by :

E is electric field
It means, 
In this problem, lasers 1 and 2 emit light of the same color, and the electric field in the beam of laser 1 is twice as strong as the e-field of laser 2.
Let E is electric field in the beam of laser 1 and E' is the electric field in the beam of laser 2. So,

We have,
E'=2E
So,

So, the intensity of laser 2 is 4 times of the intensity of laser 1.
Answer:
2.63 x 10^18
Explanation:
A = 1 cm^2 = 1 x 10^-4 m^2
λ = 10,000 nm = 10,000 x 10^-9 m = 10^-5 m
T = 37 degree C = 37 + 273 = 310 k
Energy of each photon = h c / λ
where, h is the Plank's constant and c be the velocity of light
Energy of each photon = (6.63 x 10^-34 x 3 x 10^8) / 10^-5 = 1.989 x 10^-20 J
Energy radiated per unit time = σ A T^4
Where, σ is Stefan's constant
Energy radiated per unit time = 5.67 x 10^-8 x 10^-4 x 310^4 = 0.05236 J
Number of photons per second = Energy radiated per unit time / Energy of
each photon
Number of photons per second = 0.05236 / (1.989 x 10^-20) = 2.63 x 10^18