Appropriate nursing action would be place the vial in warmer water.
When exposed to low temperatures, solutions of mannitol may crystallize. If crystals are observed, the container should be warmed to redissolve, then cooled to body temperature before administering. Diluted solutions of mannitol are less likely to crystallize, especially if the final concentration is less than 15%.
An administration set with a filter should be used for infusions containing 20% or more of mannitol. At concentrations of 15% or greater, mannitol may crystallize at low temperatures. Mannitol should only be given intravenously and never given intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Mannitol should not be administered with whole blood.
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Resting metabolic rate is a measurement of the number of calories that your body burns at rest. Resting metabolic rate is usually measured in the morning before you eat or exercise and after a full night of restful sleep. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a measurement of the number of calories needed to perform your body’s most basic ( basal) functions, like breathing, circulation and cell production.
An open fracture is also called a compound fracture. In an open fracture, the ends of the broken bone tear your skin. When your bone and other internal tissues are exposed, it puts you at higher risk of infection.
