A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) should be used by Sherman to try to see the 3-dimensional shape of a virus in the patient's sample.
SEM is a type of electron microscopy that can scan the surface of the object to be viewed with the help of the beam of electrons and can give clear and detailed structure of that object. It produces the image in 3-dimension.
A pathogen is a microorganism that is able to cause disease in a plant, animal or insect. Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease in a host organism. Microbes express their pathogenicity by means of their virulence, a term which refers to the degree of pathogenicity of the microbe. Hence, the determinants of virulence of a pathogen are any of its genetic or biochemical or structural features that enable it to produce disease in a host.
The relationship between a host and a pathogen is dynamic, since each modifies the activities and functions of the other. The outcome of such a relationship depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the relative degree of resistance or susceptibility of the host, due mainly to the effectiveness of the host defense mechanisms. Staphylococcus aureus, arguably the most prevalent pathogen of humans, may cause up to one third of all bacterial diseases ranging from boils and pimples to food poisoning, to septicemia and toxic shock. Electron micrograph from Visuals Unlimited, with permission.
The Underlying Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity
Two broad qualities of pathogenic bacteria underlie the means by which they cause disease:
1. Invasiveness is the ability to invade tissues. It encompasses mechanisms for colonization (adherence and initial multiplication), production of extracellular substances which facilitate invasion (invasins) and ability to bypass or overcome host defense mechanisms.
2. Toxigenesis is the ability to produce toxins. Bacteria may produce two types of toxins called exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins are released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites removed from the site of bacterial growth. Endotoxins are cell-associated substance. (In a classic sense, the term endotoxin refers to the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria). However, endotoxins may be released from growing bacterial cells and cells that are lysed as a result of effective host defense (e.g. lysozyme) or the activities of certain antibiotics (e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins). Hence, bacterial toxins, both soluble and cell-associated, may be transported by blood and lymph and cause cytotoxic effects at tissue sites remote from the original point of invasion or growth. Some bacterial toxins may also act at the site of colonization and play a role in invasion. Acid-fast stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis (TB). The bacteria are the small pink-staining rods. More than one-third of the world population is infected. The organism has caused more human deaths than any other bacterium in the history of mankind. Although its ability to produce disease is multifactorial, it is not completely understood. American Society of Microbiology, with permission.
Las acciones humanas están alterando el delicado equilibrio ambiental. En consecuencia, yo recomendaría aplicar diferentes acciones a nivel individual para preservar nuestro planeta.
La contaminación de los ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos está poniendo en grave peligro los ecosistemas del planeta, con lo cual es imperativo disminuir los niveles de contaminación.
Algunas de las acciones necesarias que pueden ser aplicadas a nivel individual con el fin de proteger nuestro planeta son la reducción de la contaminación mediante el ahorro de energía y la conservación de recursos naturales.
- La compra de productos ecológicos, la reducción del uso de materiales no biodegradables (por ejemplo, plásticos), el uso de medios de transporte público o la bicicleta, representan medidas contendientes a diminuir los niveles de contaminación.
- El reciclado de materiales puede también ayudar a ahorrar energía, con lo cual evitando la contaminación que resulta del proceso industrial de fabricación de manufacturas.
- Disminuir el uso de agua también es una medida para proteger nuestro planeta, ya que los organismos productores en un ecosistema (por ejemplo, las plantas) necesitan del agua para capturar y almacenar del carbono durante la fotosíntesis.
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Answer: All their offsprings will be heterozygous for both traits.
Explanation: The offsprings of this cross will be heterozygous for the two traits. Each the offspring will have one dominant allele and one recessive allele for both traits. All the offsprings will have a genotype of BbEe. B is a dominant allele and b is a recessive allele while E is a dominant allele and b is a recessive allele.
Bears sweat during hibernation because of their fur. Their sweat is actually very valuable in chinese traditional medicine so that could be a problem I guess. I hope this helps.
