Nationalism in Europe rose during the 1800s as a result of political turmoil. The French and American revolutions played a major role in giving the existing European populations the courage to unite in order to overthrow the existing governing structures and develop new governmental structures based on liberty and national identity. The core essence of Nationalism is that of national identity. People of a similar culture or race or religion group together to form a cohesive unit based on their similarities.
And it is social-cultural influences <span>that determine(s) which personality traits are culturally desirable.
Because of this, certain actions may be condemned within a certain society while being praised in others. For example, women driving is condemned in the middle east while supported in western societies.</span>
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<span>This would be a cultural universal. These are concepts that are common to nearly all cultures and have similar meanings across the board. Concepts like how there are punishments for killing other humans without just cause would be considered a universal, for example.</span>