The atomic theory started with Democritus, who stated that all space was made up of indivisible particles called atoms, though Aristotles refuted that statement by saying that matter didn’t exist, he believed in the four elements: air, fire, water, and earth. Then came Dalton, who revived Democritus’s ideas and proposed the law of multiple proportions, he revived the idea that all space was made of atoms. Soon after, J.J Thompson discovered the electron by using cathode rays. Max Planck developed the quantum theory by stating that electromagnetic radiation could only be emitted in quantized form (later called quanta). Einstein furthered this idea with studies of light. Robert Millikan eventually measured the charge of a single electron. Ernest Rutherford used a gold foil experiment and discovered the nuclei, considering his alpha particles were deflected by some object. Niels Bohr made the atomic model with electrons spinning around an atom’s nucleus, Erwin Schrodinger describes how electrons have wave like properties. James Chadwick then discovers the neutron!
There ya have it!
<span>The solid lines between N and Mg are actually ionic bonds. N has 5 valence electrons (2 of which are paired). Of the 3 that are unpaired, 2 are part of covalent bonds with adjacent carbon atoms. N accepts an extra electron to complete its octet, but gets a formal charge of -1. This allows for formation of an ionic bond with Mg, which is +2. Two of these charged N atoms therefore neutralize the charge of the central Mg. As for the coordinate (dative) covalent bonds, Mg has empty orbitals - the ionic bonds with the charged N atoms give it only 4/8 possible valence electrons.
The other two N atoms (dotted lines) have a formal charge of 0 since they form three covalent bonds with adjacent carbon atoms, but they still have a lone pair. Therefore, just to improve stability, each of these N atoms can "donate" its lone pair to Mg in order to complete its octet.
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The reaction is missing the Zn(s) in the reactants. The stoichiometry of the copper/zinc is 1 mole to 1 mole
Conduction conduction is when things heat up when they are touching
