The life course perspective is a somewhat new way of thinking about how an individual’s life
is determined through the occurrence of certain life events (Benson, 2001). The life course
perspective can best be conceptualized as viewing life events in the context of life stages,
turning points, and pathways, all of which are embedded in social institutions (Elder, 1985).
Integral to the life course perspective are two main concepts: trajectories and transitions. A
trajectory is a pathway over the life course, which involves long-term patterns of events, such
as employment or family history. A transition, in contrast, involves the short-term events, or
turning points, that make up specific life changes, such as marriage, divorce, or parenthood
(Elder, 1985; Thornberry, 1997). Transitions play a significant role in the direction of future
trajectories (Elder, 1985; Sampson & Laub, 1990); a person’s adaptation to a particular
transition can lead to modifications and redirections in subsequent trajectories (Elder, 1985).
Therefore, experiences in childhood affect events in adolescence and adulthood, just as
events in adolescence or adulthood can modify future trajectories (Sampson & Laub, 1990).
Given this, transitions or events at various times in the life course can have a lasting impact
on numerous outcomes during the life course through the modification of one’s larger
pathways or trajectories (Thornberry, 1997).
This chapter will take a look at the life course perspective and how its emergence has
affected criminological theory and the role of education as a preventative factor in juvenile
delinquency. Section 7.2 discusses the criminological foundations of the life course
perspective in addition to the variations of the life course perspective that can be found in
criminological theory. Section 7.3 outlines the impact that social bonding has on an
individual’s life course according to Sampson and Laub. Section 7.4 discusses other
theoretical constructs utilized in the theory. Section 7.5 summarizes the empirical support
that can be found for the theory in the literature. Section 7.6 looks specifically at how local
life circumstances impact an individual’s life course, specifically desistance from crime.
Section 7.7 focuses on the local life circumstance of education, and Section 7.8 outline
The factor that affected greatly Napoleon Bonaparte's decision to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States was:
A. He was fighting Great Britain and needed money to pay for the war,
Explanation:
The reason behind this is that at the time Napoleon decided to Sell the Lousiana Territory to the United States he was fighting Great Britain. But the states the french crown was very deplorable due to the fact that it had spent big amounts of resources trying to set down the Haiti slavery war, which exhausted the realms bags.
The reason behind the taking long term borrows by individuals and the firms is that they want to reduce the risk that interest rates will rise.If the interest rates will rise they will have to pay more amount as compared to before they were paying.
The answer is E) Attempts to undermine all or some of the premises upon which Jim justifies his proposal.
Explanation:
She attempts to undermine his premises by stating how unresanoble his suggestion is. She does not make assumptions, she does not imply anything about Jim needing Congressional approval, sh does not provide reasons why this proposal would be difficult nor does she assume that the congress would never approve a policy which has small public support.
