Answer:
1. Inhibiting IP3 channels, leading to decreased Ca2 in the sarcoplasm and reduced contraction.
2. Increasing the relative activity of MLCP, leading to a decrease in tension.
3. Activating K channels, increasing K leaking out of the cell which hyperpolarizes it and decreases the likelihood of Ca2 entry.
Explanation
In smooth muscle, cyclic AMP (cAMP) mediates relaxation because cAMP inhibits a specific kinase required for myosin light chain protein (MLCP) phosphorylation, thereby triggering contraction in the smooth muscles. It has been shown that cAMP inhibits 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent calcium ions (Ca 2+) release by activation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). PKG proteins act to modulate Ca2+ oscillations by stimulating sarcoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase membrane proteins, increasing Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and Ca2+ efflux from the cells, and activate voltage-gated potassium (K) channels, thereby leading to membrane hyperpolarization and reducing Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ channels.
Measuring photosynthesis via the production of oxygen. Oxygen can be measured by counting bubbles evolved from pondweed, or by using the Audus apparatus to measure the amount of gas evolved over a period of time.
Mutation can cause instant adaptation while natural selection is the process by which adaptation occurs over a series of generations.
I think it's oxygen and water because they are the substance for cellular respiration.
Answer:
Carrying capacity is defined a the ability of the natural ecosystem to take care of the environment which does not necessarily cause the resistance in population increase.
Explanation:
The earth indeed has a mechanism of delivering changes to the system and keeping it intact but as the case of the rapid growth of population arises the mother nature sees this as an exponent of unsustainable growth as the resource used to sustain large populations is no longer available or are exhausted.
A population increase so does the carrying capacity and workload of the natural environment which at the time gets slow due either due to the man's artificial technology or the natural process like hurricane or earthquake itself.
But seeing the nature as providing possibilities for the existence of the societies throughout ages and hence trying to maintain its originality may break those activities that it considers resistance as several biotic factors like predators, disease, competition, and lack of food.
