What is Yasuni's plan?
The Yasun-ITT Initiative was an effort to keep more than a billion barrels of oil in the ground beneath the Yasuni National Park, a biosphere reserve in Ecuador's Amazon.
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The Yasun-ITT Initiative was a novel development proposal based on the prohibition of oil production in Ecuador's Yasun National Park in exchange for international compensation, either in the form of direct payment or payment for environmental services. My goal is to investigate how different actors in Ecuador, an oil-dependent country, perceive this compensation for non-oil production. I critically engage the 'environmental narrative' surrounding the Initiative inspired by sumak kawsay -a philosophy of life based on non-mercantilist values known as "well living" in English or "buen vivir" in Spanish- and degrowth by conducting a chronological review of the Initiative and forty in-depth interviews with key players. In this article, I argue that viewing the Initiative as an environmental issue rather than a problem of oil rent dependency exemplifies the limitations of sumak kawsay and degrowth as alternatives to development. The Yasun results show that the Initiative ended up reproducing nature valuation fictions rather than de-linking nature from the valuation process. Using a critical political economic framework, this paper demonstrates that concepts like "dependency" and "rent" are critical in understanding the challenges of transitioning away from extraction-based development in developing countries. In summary, Yasun was a "lost" opportunity for a bottom-up debate on what to produce and what not by failing to distinguish between payment for non-production of oil and compensation from environmental services.
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Answer:
All of them.
Explanation:
For considering the annuity formula we can determinate all the proposed factor:
C represent II the amount of each cash flow
r = represent the discopunt rate
while time or "n" represent the numebr of cashflow we have to calcualte the present value.
The timing refer wether the payment are made at the beginning or end of the period.
When made at the beginning it is an annuity-due
and the (1+r) factor multiplies the previous formula to represent the addtional period of capitalization each cashflow has or the one period less to discount for each cashflwo in cases of prresent value.
Answer:
Letter A. <u>Quality through constant innovation and quality assurance training.</u>
Explanation:
Alternative A is correct, as W. Edwards Deming was a pioneer scholar in the application of organizational quality management.
He was responsible for creating the 14 points, which are principles for management that will help the organization to achieve total quality. He was also responsible for popularizing the PDCA Cycle (PLAN, DO, CHECK, ACT), which is a strategic tool widely used worldwide to ensure continuous improvement and the quality of processes and products.
- PLAN: define objectives, methods and resources.
- DO: Perform, educate and train.
- CHECK: Measure and evaluate
- ACT: act correctly.
Continuous improvement can be achieved through the correct and targeted use of the PDCA cycle towards organizational objectives. For Deming, without continuous improvement, there is no survival of the organization in the market, so he argues that continuous improvement must be implemented in all phases of the project, to achieve the benefits of continuous improvement of processes, increased productivity and reduced costs.
Answer:
Refer to the Article Summary. Implementing a negative interest rate policy, as is discussed in the article summary, would be designed to ___lower_____ the price level and ___improve_____ real GDP.
Explanation:
The Fed will consider negative interest rates when it wants to increase borrowing and lending during economic recessions. The effects of a negative interest rate are the reduction of the cost of borrowing economy-wide and the increase of economic activity. The increased economic activity will be achieved through increased investments and increased consumption spending. Thus, banks and consumers are encouraged to lend and borrow more money so that the economy can spend its way out of recession.
