Answer:
One way in which complement activation destroys pathogens is by C3b binding to the surface of microbes, which then causes inflammation through histamine and heparin release.
Explanation:
C3b binds to the surface of microbes (opsonin), and functions as a component of C3 and C5 convertases while C3a stimulates inflammation.
The alternative pathway of complement activation is triggered by the deposition of C3b on the surface of a microbe. The microbe- bound C3b binds another protein called Factor B, which is then broken down by a plasma protease called Factor D to generate the Bb fragment.
This fragment remains attached to C3b, and the C3bBb complex functions as an enzyme, called C3 convertase, to break down more C3. The C3 convertase is stabilized by properdin, a positive regulator of the complement system.
As a result of this enzymatic activity, many more C3b and C3bBb molecules are produced and become attached to the microbe. Some of the C3bBb molecules bind an additional C3b molecule, and the resulting C3bBb3b complexes function as C5 convertases, to break down the complement protein C5 and initiate the late steps of complement activation.
The main effectors of the complement system are opsonization, cell lysis and inflammation. It also stimulates B cell responses and antibody production.
Answer:
Requires additional labor
Explanation:
The pros are the positive points and cos are the negative points.
Cons of recycling bottle
Cons of recycling bottle will include all those factors which are affecting the nature or cost in some or the other way.
Out of all the given options, requires additional labor is a negative point as it points out the limitation of recycling of plastic. Plastic cannot be recycled if it requires extensively large labor force. Also large labor force will lead to higher cost.
Rest all other option are in support to the practice of plastic recycling.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Before domestication of animals, these animals were wild and early humans used to hunt for food. The hunting process was not always successful and took a lot of energy from the body. Domestication of these animals made food available and other conveniences. An example is cows that emanated from the domestication of wild aurochs. They provided the milk and meat for humans and also labored in the farm in the cultivation of domesticated plants.
Answer:
Charles Darwin
Explanation:
Natural selection, most famously proposed by Charles Darwin, states that when presented with an environmental challenge, some individuals in a species will develop adaptations to face these challenges. Successful individuals will be more likely to mate and their offspring will inherit these adaptive traits, and will continue to pass for generations.
In this sense, plants face the challenge of the cold. Those that adapt to the cold will survive and reproduce, those that can't adapt to the cold will die. Eventually, only plants that can tolerate the cold will survive.
Answer:
Adenosine triphoshate(ATP) is the energy currency of the cell.
Explanation:
Glucose is the Stored energy which is formed by the Glycogen. At the time when the energy is required glycogen is converted into glucose while, ATP is the energy which is ready to use. In aerobic conditions, Glucose produces about 30 ATP molecules. ATP molecule consists of HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE BONDS which are broken down when energy is required.
<u><em>ADP + inorganic phosphate (pi)</em></u><em>forms</em><u><em> ATP</em></u>
