Q1. The answer is removing metabolic wastes from the body. Excretion is the process through which metabolic wastes are removed from the body. Skin, lungs, and greatly kidney, which are the part of the excretory system, are responsible for excretion of metabolic waste in vertebrates. Invertebrates have special systems (insects, for example, have Malpighian tubules) or use skin to excrete metabolic wastes while single-celled organisms use the whole surface of the cell.
Q2. The answer is some animals live in dry or salty environments. Kidneys are important organs in maintaining water balance. Some animals that live in dry and salty environments must preserve water in order to maintain homeostasis. They drink and eat food with more salt in it. If they lose that precious water in such conditions, the amount of different salts in the organism will increase and it will affect a normal functioning of the organism.
Q3. The answer is simple diffusion across the skin. Ammonia is very toxic substance and a lot of water is needed for its neutralisation and excretion. Therefore, animals that live in water excrete ammonia directly in the water. Many freshwater invertebrates eliminate ammonia through skin. In animals that do not live in the water, kidneys and liver help conversion of ammonia into urea which is then excreted.,
Q4. They both actively pump salt across their gills. Both saltwater and freshwater fishes use gills to eliminate nitrogenous wastes while kidneys have a little role in the elimination of this kind of the waste. Salt that is lost is replaced by active transport of salt ions into the body by the gills.
Q5. The answer is They both convert nitrogenous wastes to uric acid. A garden spider and a sparrow are terrestrial organisms. They do not live in the water and do not excrete metabolic wastes in the water. It is known that ammonia is toxic nitrogenous substance and a lot of water is needed for its excretion. For water organisms this is not a problem, they are surrounded by water, but terrestrial organisms, such as the garden spider and the sparrow, have no such amount of water in the environment, so their kidneys and liver must convert ammonia into urine which can then easily be excreted.
The Sun is the major source of energy for organisms and the ecosystems of which they are a part. Producers, such as plants and algae, use energy from sunlight to make food energy by combining carbon dioxide and water to form organic matter. This process begins the flow of energy through almost all food webs.
Parathyroid hormone is directly involved in the bones, kidneys, and the small intestine. In the bones, PTH stimulates the release of calcium in an indirect process through osteoclasts which ultimately lead to resorption of the bones.
