Angiosperms are commonly referred to as flowering plants, which have the highest division in Kingdom Plantae.
<h3>What are the characteristics of the Angiosperms?</h3>
- Angiosperms are flowering plants, which are characterized by the production of colorful flowers and fruits.
- Angiosperms undergo syngenesis, in which the ovary is converted to fruit and the ovule is converted into the seeds.
- Angiosperms are highly developed and vascular plants, which consist of xylem, phloem, and other specialized tissues.
- The angiosperms have developed root and stem systems. Stem provides adherence and support, while roots help in the absorption of nutrients from the soil.
Thus, angiosperms have the highest rank of division in the kingdom Plantae and bear several characteristic features like flowers, fruits, and roots.
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Answer:
Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
Explanation:
Most of the ATP molecules are produced by oxidative phosphorylation, not by substrate-level phosphorylation. During glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules per glucose are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. Similarly, Kreb's cycle also yields 2 ATP per glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation.
For each pair of electrons transferred to O2 from FADH2 via electron transport chain, 4 and 2 protons are pumped from matrix towards the intermembrane space by complex III and complex IV respectively. It generates the proton concentration gradient required to drive the synthesis of 1.5 ATP molecules. Since oxidation of FADH2 is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP, the process is called oxidative phosphorylation.
<em>I think the answer is C, Hence I would pick the answer to be B because it sounds to be more information into the answer then A/B. Hope this helps, let me know if I am right. </em>
Each time a new ATP is created, ATP synthase must process 5 protons.
<h3>Where is ATP synthase found and what does it do?</h3>
- ADP and phosphate are converted into ATP by the mitochondrial enzyme ATP synthase, which is located in the inner membrane.
- Protons are transported over a gradient created by electron transfer from the chemically positive to the negative side of the proton, which drives the flux of protons.
<h3>How does photosynthesis's ATP synthase function?</h3>
- The light-driven production of ATP is catalyzed by the chloroplast ATP synthase, which is activated in the light and deactivated in the dark by redox-modulation via the thioredoxin system.
- This down-regulation is thought to be crucial for minimizing wasted ATP hydrolysis at night.
<h3>What makes ATP synthase so crucial?</h3>
All cellular functions are powered by ATP, which is constantly used by cells and required for production. About 100 ATP molecules can be produced by each ATP synthase every second.
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