Free energy is the amount of energy available for the cell to carry out its many chemical processes. It is the difference betwee
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When a pathogens cross non-specific barriers (skin) they disturb the homeostasis of the body. however inside body they are confronted by different types of white blood cells which are responsible for bringing homeostasis again in the body. these are described below.
Role of macrophages in maintaining homeostasis
Macrophages are white blood cells (phagocytes) constantly patrolling in the body and destroy other cells by engulfing and ingesting them through the process of phagocytosis. These are produced in bone marrow cells as monocytes which have short life of only 10-20 hours. Once monocytes leave the blood they become macrophages. From bone marrow to the blood, macrophages are transported to the area of the body where they are needed. Macrophages engulf the whole body, after digesting particles (bacteria) can extrude the residual particles. Thus, provide protection by trapping and destroying microorganisms entering the tissue. They also secrete different proteins. Some of these proteins trigger the maturation of monocytes into macrophages, thereby increasing their numbers. Another protein interleukin-1 signals the brain to raise the body temperature, producing fever. The higher temperature aids the immune response and inhibit the growth of invading microorganisms.
Role of natural killer cells in maintaining homeostasis
They are another class of white blood cells that don’t directly attack invading microbes. Instead they strike at the body’s own cells that have been invaded by viruses. Virus infected proteins bear viral proteins on their surfaces. Natural killer cells recognize and kill cancerous cells. They secrete proteins into plasma membrane of the infected or cancerous cells. They also secrete enzymes that break up some of the molecules of the target cells, as a result the target cell soon dies.
Food chains showcase clear picture of who is eating who. But when we try to use them to characterize entire ecological communities i.e food web, certain problems arise. For example, a species may sometimes consume numerous prey types, or be consumed by several predators at various trophic levels. To even more accurately describe these interactions, we should use a food web, a chart that demonstrates most the trophic — eating-related — relationships within an ecosystem among different species.
Arrows point from a species consumed on food chains to the creature that consumes it. Some organisms that eat species from more than one trophic stage, as shown in the food web below. Opossum shrimp, for an instance, consume both primary producers as well as primary consumers. Primary producers demonstrated with green, primary consumers with orange, secondary consumers with blue while tertiary consumers with purple.
