Answer:
3. Antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces.
Explanation:
There are three pathways of complement activation:
- The classical pathway.
- The alternative pathway.
- The lectin pathway.
The classical pathway is triggered by binding of C1 either to the pathogen surface or to antibody bound to the pathogen.
The alternative pathway is triggered by the spontaneous hydrolysis of soluble C3 to C3(H₂O) and initiates eventual deposition of C3 convertase on microbial surfaces.
The lectin pathway is triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin or ficolins to carbohydrate residues in microbial cell walls and capsules.
This is a true statement. An electron closer to the nucleus would be difficult to remove because the electronegativity of the atom would be greater.
Answer:
100,000
Explanation:
pH of coffee = 5
pH of solution = 10
Concentration of H+ ions between successive pH values are in multiples of 10
Hence, the pH difference :
pH of solution - pH of coffee
(10 - 5) = 5
Hence, difference in H+ ions will be :
10^5 = 10*10*10*10*10 = 100,000 times
I feel the same I'm so dumb
The answer to this is Lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, glycerol and fatty acids.
