The following phenotypic classes reflect offspring that were generated as a result of a crossover event
- miniature wings
- garnet eyes
Explanation:
When the miniature wings and garnet eyes links up with the 8 map unit that are present between them. After that the presence of two recombinant classes must complement together and make 8% of total i.e. they contribute 4% each. together the parental classes make up to 92% by contributing 46% one.
This can be understood through a phenotypic ratio calculation, which can be expected from it.
wild type: 4% x 800 = 32
miniature wings: 46% x 800 = 368
garnet eyes: 46% x 800 = 368
miniature wings, garnet eyes: 4% x 800 = 368
The normal blood pH for adult humans is 7.40, and this pH value is vigorously defended at normal body temperature
Acid base Homeostasis is the method by which body keeps a constant ph
pH is kept under check via different systems
1. Chemical system :bicarbonate buffer system(explained below )
Respiratory component :
2. Respiratory Component: The second line of dense is rapid consisting of the control the carbonic acid concentration in the ECF by changing the rate and depth of breathing by hyperventilation or hypoventilation. This blows off or retains carbon dioxide (and thus carbonic acid) in the blood plasma as required
3.Metabolic component : third line of defense is slow, best measured by the base excess,eand mostly depends on the renal system which can add or remove bicarbonate ions to or from the ECF.Bicarbonate ions are derived from metabolic carbon dioxide which is enzymatically converted to carbonic acid in the renal tubular cells.There, carbonic acid spontaneously dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions.When the pH in the ECF falls, hydrogen ions are excreted into urine, while bicarbonate ions are secreted into blood plasma, causing the plasma pH to rise.The converse happens if the pH in the ECF tends to rise: bicarbonate ions are then excreted into the urine and hydrogen ions into the blood plasma.
Buffers usually consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base; this enables them to readily absorb excess H+ or OH–, keeping the system’s pH within a narrow range.
Maintaining a constant blood pH is critical to a person’s well-being. The buffer that maintains the pH of human blood involves carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO3–), and carbon dioxide (CO2). When bicarbonate ions combine with free hydrogen ions and become carbonic acid, hydrogen ions are removed, moderating pH changes. Similarly, excess carbonic acid can be converted into carbon dioxide gas and exhaled through the lungs; this prevents too many free hydrogen ions from building up in the blood and dangerously reducing its pH; likewise, if too much OH– is introduced into the system, carbonic acid will combine with it to create bicarbonate, lowering the pH.
Example: Antacids, which combat excess stomach acid, are another example of buffers.
ECF =Extra cellular fluid
1. Mitosis takes place within somatic cells (cells that make up the body). Meiosis takes place within gamete cells (sex cells).
2. One single division of the mother cell results in two daughter cells. Two divisions of the mother cell result in four meiotic products or haploid gametes.
3. A mitotic mother cell can either be haploid or diploid. A meiotic mother cell is always diploid.
4. The number of chromosomes per nucleus remains the same after division. The meiotic products contain a haploid (n) number of chromosomes in contrast to the (2nd) number of chromosomes in the mother cell.
5. It is preceded by an S-phase in which the amount of DNA is duplicated. In meiosis, only meiosis I is preceded by an S-phase.
6. In mitosis, there is no pairing of homologous chromosomes. During prophase I, complete pairing of all homologous chromosomes takes place.
7. There is no exchange of DNA (crossing-over) between chromosomes. There is at least one crossing-over or DNA exchange per homologous pair of chromosomes.
8. The centromeres split during anaphase. The centromeres do separate during anaphase II, but not during anaphase I.
9. The genotype of the daughter cells is identical to that of the mother cells. Meiotic products differ in their genotype from the mother cell.
10. After mitosis, each daughter cell has exactly same DNA strands. After meiosis, each daughter cell has only half of the DNA strands
Answer:
The correct answer would be C. ³⁵S has more neutrons than ³²S; Hershey and Chase used it because it is radioactive and can be easily traced.
Sulfur-35 (³⁵S) is one of the isotopes of the sulfur which has 16 protons (same as sulfur-32) but 19 neutrons as compared to the 16 neutrons of sulfur-32.
It is a radioactive isotope which breaks down by beta-decay and gets converted into ³⁵Cl.
They used ³⁵S for radioactive labeling of the protein coat of the bacteriophage. It helped them to trace the movement or transfer of protein efficiently.
in metaphase the chromosomes are lined up on the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell. and during anaphase the chromosome copied are separated and moved to either end of the cell on the spindle fibres. basically the chromosomes are in different positions
