Question

How would brown bears suddenly increase? How would they affect the ecosystem?

Answer 1

Answer      Competition between wild large carnivores can hardly be measured experimentally. However, it may be evaluated by comparing the spatial distribution of each species, while controlling for landscape‐related variables (Apps et al. 2006). In a gradient of spatial levels, populations range geographically in a landscape, animals establish home ranges, choose habitat patches, and, finally, select particular sites, such as dens or daybeds (Johnson 1980). Competition may be influential at each level if the presence of a competitor affects where to settle down and/or limits resource use. This is particularly interesting in situations where the recovery of a large carnivore occurs in an area already inhabited by another carnivore and both species have some common requirements of habitat or resources, which can

Individual interactions have been documented between gray wolves (Canis lupus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos). Brown bears are omnivorous, but both species prey on ungulates and using the same food resources can lead to potentially lead to spatial and/or exploitative competition.exploitative competition. Bears often kleptoparasitize wolf kills in North America (Ballard et al. 2003, Smith et al. 2003) and in Scandinavia (e.g., Milleret 2011). However, wolves can prevail at carcasses and simultaneous scavenging by both species also has been reported (Smith et al. 2003, Lewis and Lafferty 2014). Wolves and bears can also kill each other (Ballard et al. 2003, Gunther and Smith 2004). Therefore, the outcome of individual interactions between these species includes all of the above–mentioned forms of interspecific competition between carnivores. Nevertheless, beyond individual interactions, we lack knowledge about the effects of wolf–bear competition at the population level for both species (Ballard et al. 2003).

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Explanation:

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Answer 2

Abstract
Interspecific competition can influence the distribution and abundance of species and the structure of ecological communities and entire ecosystems. Interactions between apex predators can have cascading effects through the entire natural community, which supports broadening the scope of conservation from single species to a much wider ecosystem perspective. However, competition between wild large carnivores can hardly be measured experimentally. In this study, we analyzed the expansion of the Scandinavian wolf (Canis lupus) population during its recovery from the early 1990s. We took into account wolf‐, habitat‐, human‐ and brown bear (Ursus arctos)‐related factors, because wolf expansion occurred within an area partially sympatric with bears. Wolf pair establishment was positively related to previous wolf presence and was negatively related to road density, distance to other wolf territories, and bear density. These findings suggest that both human‐related habitat modification and interspecific competition have been influential factors modulating the expansion of the wolf population. Interactions between large carnivores have the potential to affect overall biodiversity. Therefore, conservation‐oriented management of such species should consider interspecific interactions, rather than focusing only on target populations of single species. Long‐term monitoring data across large areas should also help quantify and predict the influence of biotic interactions on species assemblages and distributions elsewhere. This is important because interactive processes can be essential in the regulation, stability, and resilience of ecological communities.