Chemical bonds. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electrons between the atoms
Answer:

Explanation:
is the angle between the velocity and the magnetic field. So, the magnetic force on the proton is:

A charged particle describes a semicircle in a uniform magnetic field. Therefore, applying Newton's second law to uniform circular motion:

is the centripetal force and is defined as:

Here
is the proton's speed and
is the radius of the circular motion. Replacing this in (1) and solving for r:

Recall that 1 J is equal to
, so:

We can calculate
from the kinetic energy of the proton:

Finally, we calculate the radius of the proton path:

Answer:
This is the answer of your question.
Answer:
Molecules must collide with sufficient energy, known as the activation energy, so that chemical bonds can break. Molecules must collide with the proper orientation.
Explanation:
A collision that meets these two criteria, and that results in a chemical reaction, is known as a successful collision or an effective collision.
Answer:

Explanation:
The normal force exerted on the car by the walls of the cylinder at the bottom of the vertical circle will be such that when substracted to the weight it must give the centripetal force, since at that point on the vertical 
We also know that the equation for the centripetal force is:

Mixing both equations we get:


Which for our values means:
