Answer:
Causes
The institution of the Spanish Inquisition was ostensibly established to combat heresy.
The Spanish kingdom was unified with the marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella I, and the Inquisition served to consolidate power in the monarchy.
The desire for religious unity in the Iberian Peninsula increased toward the end of the Reconquista, a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Moors.
Anti-Semitism had grown toward Spain’s Jewish community during the reign of Henry III of Castile and Leon, and pogroms had forced many to convert to Christianity.
Marranos, those who had converted from Judaism to Christianity but continued to practice their faith in secret, were increasingly considered a threat to Spanish society. Spaniards were concerned with the idea of limpieza de sangre (Spanish for “purity of blood),” which the presence of even baptized Jews threatened.
The religious fervor of the Catholic Monarchs also led to the persecution of Muslims and Protestants.
Effects
Hundreds of thousands of Spanish Jews, Muslims, and Protestants were forcibly converted, expelled from Spain, or executed.
The Inquisition spread into other parts of Europe and the Americas.
Mandatory conversion to Roman Catholicism and expulsion from Spain’s territories of people from other religious traditions resulted in a more homogenous Spanish culture.
The power of the Spanish monarchy increased.
Spain was deprived of many economically active citizens and suffered financially compared to other European powers.
Answer: b. Jose Navarro
Explanation:
José Antonio Navarro was one of the early proponents of Texas independence from Spain and then from Mexico. He forged a friendship with Stephen Austin (founder of Texas) as they worked to bring about Texas independence.
Being a native Texan, he represented Texas in the legislature of the state that Texas was part of at the time which was Coahuila y Tejas and he also represented them in the Federal Congress in Mexico City.
Osmoreceptors within the hypothalamus detect and increase in plasma osmolarity. This results in a decrease in ADH release from the posterior pituitary, and hence decrease in water permeability of the collecting duct.
<h3>What is osmoregulation?</h3>
Osmoregulation is that the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to take care of the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and therefore the concentration of electrolytes to keep the body fluids from becoming too diluted or concentrated.
The tendency of water to move into one solution from another by osmosis is osmotic pressure. The upper the osmotic pressure of a solution, the more water tends to maneuver into it.
<h3>Osmoregulation through kidney :</h3>
Pressure must be exerted on the hypertonic side of a selectively permeable membrane to stop diffusion of water by osmosis from the side containing pure water. Although there could also be hourly and daily variations in osmotic balance, an animal is usually in an osmotic steady state over the long term.
Organisms in aquatic and terrestrial environments must maintain the proper concentration of solutes and amount of water in their body fluids; this involves excretion (getting rid of metabolic nitrogen wastes and other substances such as hormones that would be toxic.
To learn more about osmoregulation :
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