Answer:
Maltose
Explanation:
Maltose consists of two molecules of glucose that are linked by an α-(1,4′) glycosidic bond. Maltose results from the enzymatic hydrolysis of amylose, a homopolysaccharide (Section 26.9), by the enzyme amylase. Maltose is converted to two molecules of glucose by the enzyme maltase, which hydrolyzes the glycosidic bond. Commercial maltose is produced from starch that has been treated with barley malt.
The monosaccharide unit on the left is the hemiacetal of the α-d-glucopyranosyl unit. It is linked by an α-(1,4′) glycosidic bond to β-d-glucopyranose, the aglycone. The oxygen atom of the glycosidic bond is approximately in the center of the structure, between the two rings. It is projected down, axial, and therefore α. It is linked to C-4 of the aglycone, and so the link is axial–equatorial.
Maltose has a more formal, IUPAC of name: 4-O-(α-d-glucopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranose. This rather forbidding name is not quite as bad as it looks. The term in parentheses refers to the glucose unit on the left, which contributes the acetal portion of the glycosidic bond. The term -pyrano- tells us that this part of the structure is a six-membered ring, and the suffix -osyl indicates that the ring is linked to a partner by a glycosidic bond. The prefix 4-O- refers to the position of the oxygen atom on the aglycone, the right-hand ring. The term β-d-glucopyranose describes the aglycone.
Because the aglycone is a hemiacetal, maltose undergoes mutarotation. For the same reason maltose is a reducing sugar. The free aldehyde formed by ring opening can react with Benedict’s solution. The acetal part of the structure is called the “nonreducing end” of the disaccharide. If we do not want to specify the configuration of the aglycone, we use the name 4-O-(α-d-glucopyranosyl)-d-glucopyranose.
Answer:
Cytochrome C; it provides evidences that there is similarities in the respiratory pathways for producing ATPs by all living organisms especially mammals.
Explanation:
Cytochrome c is located in the intermembranes of mitochondria, and it functions in the transfer of of one electron in electron transport chain,(ETC) needed for generation of proton motive force; for generation of energy in the synthesis of ATPs by ATPase synthase during chemiosmosis. Its allows oxdation-reduction by the switching of its iron ii to iron iii. during electron transports.However its iron atoms does not undergo oxidation with oxygen. This feature makes it stable and an ideal carrier of electrons.
Its amino acid sequences is very similar in all living organisms especially between mammals(e.g man and chimpanzees)with little variation in few amino acid residues due to mutation.This similarity in its amino acids sequences in all living organism together with small molecular size makes it ideal molecular evidence for studying comparative molecular evidence of evolution.
This is because it can be used to trace the pathways of respiration to synthesize energy, and therefore to conclude that most organisms share common ancestry, since a very similar protein sequence in a structure(Cytochrome c) participated in unique ETC mechanisms in all, needed for energy synthesis .
2. sodium ion that has lost an electron
Answer:
Made mostly of collagen, bone is living, growing tissue. Collagen is a protein that provides a soft framework, and calcium phosphate is a mineral that adds strength and hardens the framework. This combination of collagen and calcium makes bone strong and flexible enough to withstand stress.
