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iogann1982 [59]
3 years ago
7

Many power plants produce energy by burning carbon-based fuels, which also produces carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a greenhou

se gas, so over-production can have negative effects on the environment. Use enthalpy of formation data to calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) produced per megajoule of heat released from the combustion of each fuel under standard conditions (1 atm and 25 �C).Each must be in mol * MJ^-1(a) coal, C(s, graphite)(b) natural gas, CH4(g);(c) propane, C3H8(g);(d) octane, C8H18(l) (?Hf� = �250.1 kJ �mol^�1).
Chemistry
1 answer:
RUDIKE [14]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

a) 2.541 mol/MJ;

b) 1.124 mol/MJ;

c) 0.4354 mol/MJ;

d) 0.1835 mol/MJ

Explanation:

The enthalpy of formation (ΔH°f) is the enthalpy of a reaction to form a compound by its constituents. For CO₂, ΔH°f = - 393.5 kJ/mol.

The enthalpy of a reaction is the sum of the enthalpy of the products (each one multiplied by the number of moles) less the sum of the enthalpy of the reactants (each one multiplied by the number of moles). The ΔH°f for simple substances (with one atom) is 0. The combustion is the reaction between the fuel and the oxygen.

a) The combution reaction is:

C(s) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g)

ΔH°rxn = -393.5 kJ/mol = -393.5x10⁻³ MJ/mol

Number of moles per MJ released: 1/|ΔH°rxn|

n = 1/(393.5x10⁻³) = 2.541 mol/MJ

b) The combustion reaction is:

CH₄(g) + 2O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2H₂O(l)

H₂O is in the liquid state because it's at 1 atm and 25ºC.

ΔH°f, H₂O(l) = -285.3 kJ/mol

ΔH°f, O₂(g) = 0

ΔH°f, CH₄(g) = -74.8 kJ/mol

ΔH°rxn = [2*(-285.3 ) + 1*(-393.5)] - [1*(-74.8)]

ΔH°rxn = -889.3 kJ/mol = -889.3x10⁻³ MJ/mol

n = 1/889.3x10⁻³ = 1.124 mol/MJ

c) C₃H₈(g) + 10O₂(g) → 3CO₂(g) + 4H₂O(l)

ΔH°f,C₃H₈(g) = -25.2 kJ/mol

ΔH°rxn = [4*(-285.3) + 3*(-393.5)] - [1*(-25.2)]

ΔH°rxn = -2,296.5 kJ/mol = -2.2965 MJ/mol

n = 1/2.2965 = 0.4354 mol/MJ

d) C₈H₁₈(l) + (25/2)O₂(g) → 8CO₂(g) + 9H₂O(l)

ΔH°f, C₈H₁₈(l) = -250.1 kJ/mol

ΔH°rxn = [9*(-283.5) + 8*(-393.5)] - [1*(-250.1)]

ΔH°rxn = -5,449.4 kJ/mol = -5.4494 MJ/mol

n = 1/5.4494 = 0.1835 mol/MJ

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<u>Answer:</u> The empirical and molecular formula for the given organic compound is CH and C_{10}H_{10} and it is not an alkane.

<u>Explanation:</u>

The chemical equation for the combustion of hydrocarbon having carbon and hydrogen follows:

C_xH_y+O_2\rightarrow CO_2+H_2O

where, 'x' and 'y' are the subscripts of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen respectively.

We are given:

Mass of CO_2=0.364g

Mass of H_2O=0.0596g

We know that:

Molar mass of carbon dioxide = 44 g/mol

Molar mass of water = 18 g/mol

<u>For calculating the mass of carbon:</u>

In 44 g of carbon dioxide, 12 g of carbon is contained.

So, in 0.364 g of carbon dioxide, \frac{12}{44}\times 0.364=0.0993g of carbon will be contained.

<u>For calculating the mass of hydrogen:</u>

In 18 g of water, 2 g of hydrogen is contained.

So, in 0.0596 g of water, \frac{2}{18}\times 0.0596=0.0067g of hydrogen will be contained.

To formulate the empirical formula, we need to follow some steps:

  • <u>Step 1:</u> Converting the given masses into moles.

Moles of Carbon =\frac{\text{Given mass of Carbon}}{\text{Molar mass of Carbon}}=\frac{0.0993g}{12g/mole}=0.00828moles

Moles of Hydrogen = \frac{\text{Given mass of Hydrogen}}{\text{Molar mass of Hydrogen}}=\frac{0.0067g}{1g/mole}=0.0067moles]

  • <u>Step 2:</u> Calculating the mole ratio of the given elements.

For the mole ratio, we divide each value of the moles by the smallest number of moles calculated which is 0.0067 moles.

For Carbon = \frac{0.00828}{0.0067}=1.23\approx 1

For Hydrogen = \frac{0.0067}{0.0067}=1

  • <u>Step 3:</u> Taking the mole ratio as their subscripts.

The ratio of C : H = 1 : 1

The empirical formula for the given compound is CH

For determining the molecular formula, we need to determine the valency which is multiplied by each element to get the molecular formula.

The equation used to calculate the valency is:

n=\frac{\text{Molecular mass}}{\text{Empirical mass}}

We are given:

Mass of molecular formula = 128.2 g/mol

Mass of empirical formula = 13 g/mol

Putting values in above equation, we get:

n=\frac{128.2g/mol}{13g/mol}=9.86\approx 10

Multiplying this valency by the subscript of every element of empirical formula, we get:

C_{(1\times 10)}H_{(1\times 10)}=C_{10}H_{10}

The general formula of an alkane is C_nH_{(2n+2)}, where n = any natural number

Here, n = 10 and it does not satisfy being an alkane

Hence, the empirical and molecular formula for the given organic compound is CH and C_{10}H_{10} and it is not an alkane.

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