Answer:
Hydrogen and electrons
Explanation:
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) serve as reducing power during energy transfers. One NAD+ accepts one hydrogen ions and two electrons and becomes reduced into NADH. Likewise, FAD accepts two hydrogen ions and two electrons and is reduced into FADH2. Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 into NAD+ and FAD respectively releases both hydrogen ions and electrons.
For example, some of the energy of glucose released during glycolysis and Kreb's cycle is temporarily stored in the form of NADH and FADH2. Oxidation of NADH and FADH2 via electron transfer chain of mitochondria releases both electrons and hydrogen ions (protons). The protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane to generate the proton concentration gradient.
Breathing into and out of a paper bag for a long period of time will lead to respiratory acidosis.
<h3>
What is respiratory acidosis?</h3>
- When the lungs are unable to expel all of the carbon dioxide the body produces, a condition known as respiratory acidosis develops.
- Body fluids, particularly the blood, become too acidic as a result.
- The main causes of respiratory acidosis are inadequate ventilation and carbon dioxide buildup.
- The main issue is an increase in arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) and a decline in the arterial bicarbonate to arterial pCO2 ratio, which causes a drop in blood pH.
- When there is acute respiratory acidosis, the body initially tries to make up for it.
- If the acidosis lasts more than 12 hours, a reaction known as metabolic compensation2 takes place.
- By increasing the release of hydrogen ions through ammonium, the kidneys will lower the blood's acidity.
- Too much carbon dioxide in the body can result in general symptoms including headache, exhaustion, and twitching muscles.
- Frequently, it goes away fast on its own.
- But in cases of severe hypercapnia, the body is unable to return to a stable CO2 level, and the symptoms are more severe.
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The first level of organization are living cells
Explanation:
A rock would experience a temperature of 5500°C is about the core which is at a depth of 220km.
But let us use the earth's geothermal gradient to solve this problem.
The geothermal gradient is the rate at which temperature is increasing with depth.
The geothermal gradient 25°C/km
At 5500°C,
5500°C x 
= 220km
But this is not so in nature, there are other heat sources that contributes to increasing temperature with depth such as radioactive heat and frictional heat.
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<span>You
get muscle cramps. This can occur during strenuous
exercise or even at rest. The most common
cause of muscle cramps is dehydration. Muscle cramps happen involuntarily
and occur for longer periods with the muscles contracted. When it is not
prolonged, the involuntary contraction is called spasms and it is occasionally
referred as twitch.</span>
