Answer:A membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a promising wastewater treatment technology, but there is a need for efficient control of membrane fouling, which increases operational and maintenance costs. Soluble microbial products (SMP) have been reported to act as major foulants in the operation of MBRs used for wastewater treatment. In this study, SMP in MBRs operated with different sludge retention times (SRTs) were investigated by means of various analytical techniques and their relations to the evolution of membrane fouling were considered. Bench-scale filtration experiments were carried out in a laboratory with synthetic wastewater to eliminate fluctuations that would occur with the use of real wastewater and that would lead to fluctuations in compositions of SMP.
Explanation:A membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a promising wastewater treatment technology, but there is a need for efficient control of membrane fouling, which increases operational and maintenance costs. Soluble microbial products (SMP) have been reported to act as major foulants in the operation of MBRs used for wastewater treatment. In this study, SMP in MBRs operated with different sludge retention times (SRTs) were investigated by means of various analytical techniques and their relations to the evolution of membrane fouling were considered. Bench-scale filtration experiments were carried out in a laboratory with synthetic wastewater to eliminate fluctuations that would occur with the use of real wastewater and that would lead to fluctuations in compositions of SMP.
They are exposed to diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever, and other water-borne illnesses. Two million people, mostly children, die each year from diarrheal diseases alone.
