Answer:
There is a 2% probability that the student is proficient in neither reading nor mathematics.
Step-by-step explanation:
We solve this problem building the Venn's diagram of these probabilities.
I am going to say that:
A is the probability that a student is proficient in reading
B is the probability that a student is proficient in mathematics.
C is the probability that a student is proficient in neither reading nor mathematics.
We have that:
![A = a + (A \cap B)](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=A%20%3D%20a%20%2B%20%28A%20%5Ccap%20B%29)
In which a is the probability that a student is proficient in reading but not mathematics and
is the probability that a student is proficient in both reading and mathematics.
By the same logic, we have that:
![B = b + (A \cap B)](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=B%20%3D%20b%20%2B%20%28A%20%5Ccap%20B%29)
Either a student in proficient in at least one of reading or mathematics, or a student is proficient in neither of those. The sum of the probabilities of these events is decimal 1. So
![(A \cup B) + C = 1](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%28A%20%5Ccup%20B%29%20%2B%20C%20%3D%201)
In which
![(A \cup B) = a + b + (A \cap B)](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%28A%20%5Ccup%20B%29%20%3D%20a%20%2B%20b%20%2B%20%28A%20%5Ccap%20B%29)
65% were found to be proficient in both reading and mathematics.
This means that ![A \cap B = 0.65](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=A%20%5Ccap%20B%20%3D%200.65)
78% were found to be proficient in mathematics
This means that ![B = 0.78](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=B%20%3D%200.78)
![B = b + (A \cap B)](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=B%20%3D%20b%20%2B%20%28A%20%5Ccap%20B%29)
![0.78 = b + 0.65](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=0.78%20%3D%20b%20%2B%200.65)
![b = 0.13](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=b%20%3D%200.13)
85% of the students were found to be proficient in reading
This means that ![A = 0.85](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=A%20%3D%200.85)
![A = a + (A \cap B)](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=A%20%3D%20a%20%2B%20%28A%20%5Ccap%20B%29)
![0.85 = a + 0.65](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=0.85%20%3D%20a%20%2B%200.65)
![a = 0.20](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=a%20%3D%200.20)
Proficient in at least one:
![(A \cup B) = a + b + (A \cap B) = 0.20 + 0.13 + 0.65 = 0.98](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%28A%20%5Ccup%20B%29%20%3D%20a%20%2B%20b%20%2B%20%28A%20%5Ccap%20B%29%20%3D%200.20%20%2B%200.13%20%2B%200.65%20%3D%200.98)
What is the probability that the student is proficient in neither reading nor mathematics?
![(A \cup B) + C = 1](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%28A%20%5Ccup%20B%29%20%2B%20C%20%3D%201)
![C = 1 - (A \cup B) = 1 - 0.98 = 0.02](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=C%20%3D%201%20-%20%28A%20%5Ccup%20B%29%20%3D%201%20-%200.98%20%3D%200.02)
There is a 2% probability that the student is proficient in neither reading nor mathematics.