Answer:
The difference between the effects of a spinal injury at C3 and one at T3 is due to the fact that the segment of the spinal cord affected, and the functions it controls, are different.
Explanation:
From the spinal cord originate the spinal nerves, which are responsible for controlling both sensory and motor nerve functions.
Each segment of the spinal cord controls a group of specific motor and sensory nerves, known as myotomes and dermatomes.
Vertebral injuries can cause spinal cord inflammation or permanent spinal cord damage. The involvement of a segment of the spinal cord can be evidenced by
- <u><em>Sensory level</em></u><em>: which is the lowest level of sensory function that remains intact. </em>
- <u><em>Motor level</em></u><em>: the lowest level in which motor activity remains functional. </em>
<u><em>The difference between a C3 and T3 lesion is that the cervical lesion affects the dermatome and myotome that control this segment, in addition to all those below it. On the other hand, a T3 lesion can affect this dermatome and myotome, in addition to the lower ones, but the functions above the lesion will not be affected</em></u>.
- A vertebral injury in C3 —third thoracic vertebra— is very high —sensory and motor level with response maintained on the neck— and produces a failure of almost all the peripheral nerves, with paralysis from the neck down. This includes breathing and control of the diagphragm (breathing) and the four limbs.
- Injuries in T3 —third thoracic vertebra— the motor and sensory level is lower, allowing movement of arms and breathing, but with paralysis of part of the trunk, lower extremities and control of the bowel and urinary bladder.
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Answer:
Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems. The cardiac output decreases, blood pressure increases and arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show impaired gas exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower expiratory flow rates. The creatinine clearance decreases with age although the serum creatinine level remains relatively constant due to a proportionate age-related decrease in creatinine production. Functional changes, largely related to altered motility patterns, occur in the gastrointestinal system with senescence, and atrophic gastritis and altered hepatic drug metabolism are common in the elderly. Progressive elevation of blood glucose occurs with age on a multifactorial basis and osteoporosis is frequently seen due to a linear decline in bone mass after the fourth decade. The epidermis of the skin atrophies with age and due to changes in collagen and elastin the skin loses its tone and elasticity. Lean body mass declines with age and this is primarily due to loss and atrophy of muscle cells. Degenerative changes occur in many joints and this, combined with the loss of muscle mass, inhibits elderly patients' locomotion. These changes with age have important practical implications for the clinical management of elderly patients: metabolism is altered, changes in response to commonly used drugs make different drug dosages necessary and there is need for rational preventive programs of diet and exercise in an effort to delay or reverse some of these changes.
A fetus because it has already developed far enough.
Your skeleton is basically the framework of your body.
