Answer:
Explanation:
To interpret this pedigree, let’s start with information that we already know:
Brown is recessive, which means brown individuals must have the phenotype BB. In this pedigree, brown individuals are filled in.
Black is dominant, which means black individuals must have at least one B allele. Their phenotype could be either BB or BB. In this pedigree, black individuals are not filled in.
Figure 5 shows the same pedigree, but with information about the individual’s phenotype filled in.
The shaded individual, who is a brown female puppy, must have the phenotype BB. If she had any B alleles, she would be black because the black allele is dominant over the brown allele.
In order for the brown puppy to have the phenotype BB, she must have gotten two “b” alleles: one from each of her parents. We know that her parents are both black (because they are unshaped), which means they must have a least one “B” allele. This means that both parents must be heterogeneous: BB.
The three black puppies must have at least one “B” allele in order for them to be black in color. However, we can’t tell whether they are homologous dominant (BB) or heterogeneous (BB) since both of those phenotype would result in black color. One way to represent this on a pedigree is B-, meaning that the second allele could be either B or b.
Answer:
ok
Explanation:
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Answer:
The traditional electrolyte for aluminium electrolysis is based on molten cryolite (Na3AlF6), acting as solvent for the raw material, alumina (Al2O3).Metals are found in ores combined with other elements. Electrolysis can be used to extract a more reactive metal from the ore.
Aluminum can and is used as both anodes and cathodes in electrochemical cells, but there are some peculiarities to using it as an anode in aqueous solutions. As you note, aluminum forms a passivating oxide layer quite readily, even by exposure to atmosphere. In an aqueous solution, if the potential is high enough, OH− and O2− are generated at the anode, which can then react with the aluminum to produce aluminum oxide. Al^3+ can also be generated directly. The electric field will draw the anions through the growing aluminum oxide layer towards the aluminum surface and the Al^3+ towards the solution, making the oxide layer grow both away from the electrode surface and into the surface of the electrode. In this way, coatings thicker than the normal passivation in air can be produced. However, aluminum oxide is a good electrical insulator, thus if a dense non-porous layer is grown, it will become impossible to pass current through it and growth will stop, leaving a relatively thin oxide layer (this is how the dielectric layers in electrolytic capacitors are made). This is the normal behaviour in aqueous solutions at near-neutral pH (5–7).
However, if a thick aluminum oxide layer is desired (e.g. to produce coatings on aluminum parts for dying or durability), maintaining porosity is necessary to avoid completely blocking access to the surface. One technique that is commonly used is using a low pH solution, which tends to redissolve some of the oxide and neutralize some of the formed OH−, leaving pores in the oxide layer through which the ions can travel and continue to react. These pores also give a good structure to retain dyes or lubricants, but generally need to be sealed after to protect against corrosion.
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Answer:
a)
b) Moles of carbon in 1 mole of sucrose = 12 moles
Moles of carbon in 0.0035 moles of sucrose
Moles of hydrogen in 1 mole of sucrose = 22 moles
Moles of hydrogen in 0.0035 moles of sucrose
Moles of oxygen in 1 mole of sucrose = 11 moles
Moles of oxygen in 0.0035 moles of sucrose
c) 1 mole of carbon contains
0.042 moles of carbon contain
1 mole of hydrogen contains
0.077 moles of hydrogen contain
1 mole of oxygen contains
0.042 moles of oxygen contain