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Use the data given below to construct a Born-Haber cycle to determine the second ionization energy of Ca. Δ H°(kJ) Ca(s)→Ca(g) 1

Drupady [299]

Answer : The value of second ionization energy of Ca is 1010 kJ.

Explanation :

The formation of calcium oxide is,

$Ca(s)+\frac{1}{2}O_2(g)\overset{\Delta H_f}\rightarrow CaO(s)$

$\Delta H_f^o$ = enthalpy of formation of calcium oxide = -635 kJ

The steps involved in the born-Haber cycle for the formation of $CaO$ :

(1) Conversion of solid calcium into gaseous calcium atoms.

$Ca(s)\overset{\Delta H_s}\rightarrow Ca(g)$

$\Delta H_s$ = sublimation energy of calcium = 193 kJ

(2) Conversion of gaseous calcium atoms into gaseous calcium ions.

$Ca(g)\overset{\Delta H_I_1}\rightarrow Ca^{+1}(g)$

$\Delta H_I_1$ = first ionization energy of calcium = 590 kJ

(3) Conversion of gaseous calcium ion into gaseous calcium ions.

$Ca^{+1}(g)\overset{\Delta H_I_2}\rightarrow Ca^{+2}(g)$

$\Delta H_I_2$ = second ionization energy of calcium = ?

(4) Conversion of molecular gaseous oxygen into gaseous oxygen atoms.

$O_2(g)\overset{\Delta H_D}\rightarrow OI(g)$

$\frac{1}{2}O_2(g)\overset{\Delta H_D}\rightarrow O(g)$

$\Delta H_D$ = dissociation energy of oxygen = $\frac{498}{2}=249kJ$

(5) Conversion of gaseous oxygen atoms into gaseous oxygen ions.

$O(g)\overset{\Delta H_E_1}\rightarrow O^-(g)$

$\Delta H_E_1$ = first electron affinity energy of oxygen = -141 kJ

(6) Conversion of gaseous oxygen ion into gaseous oxygen ions.

$O^-(g)\overset{\Delta H_E_2}\rightarrow O^{2-}(g)$

$\Delta H_E_2$ = second electron affinity energy of oxygen = 878 kJ

(7) Conversion of gaseous cations and gaseous anion into solid calcium oxide.

$Ca^{2+}(g)+O^{2-}(g)\overset{\Delta H_L}\rightarrow CaO(s)$

$\Delta H_L$ = lattice energy of calcium oxide = -3414 kJ

To calculate the overall energy from the born-Haber cycle, the equation used will be:

$\Delta H_f^o=\Delta H_s+\Delta H_I_1+\Delta H_I_2+\Delta H_D+\Delta H_E_1+\Delta H_E_2+\Delta H_L$

Now put all the given values in this equation, we get:

$-635kJ=193kJ+590kJ+\Delta H_I_2+249kJ+(-141kJ)+878kJ+(-3414kJ)$

$\Delta H_I_2=1010kJ$

Therefore, the value of second ionization energy of Ca is 1010 kJ.

6 0

2 years ago

The atomic number of a nucleus is the number of:

N76 [4]

Electrons might be the answer

8 0

2 years ago

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Magnesium (Mg) has an atomic number of 12. What is the ground-state electron configuration of magnesium?

Brums [2.3K]

C. 12222632

You have to follow the Aufbau principle, which states that electrons populate the atomic orbitals situated at the lowest energy first.

The orbitals are:

1

22

333

4444

5555

666

77

4 0

3 years ago

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Using the information from STP or SATP conditions determine the value of the ideal gas constant.

Dovator [93]

Answer:

0.0821 atm.L/Kmol

Explanation:

At stp, the values temperature, pressure and volume is given below:

Pressure (P) = 1 atm

Temperature (T) = 273 K

Volume (V) = 22.4 L

At stp, 1 mole of a gas occupy 22.4L.

Number of mole (n) = 1 mole

Gas constant (R) =?

The ideal gas equation is given below:

PV = nRT.

With the above equation, the gas constant R can be obtained as follow:

1 atm x 22.4L = 1 mole x R x 273K

Divide both side by (1 mole x 273 K)

R = (1 atm x 22.4L) / (1 mole x 273 K)

R = 0.0821 atm.L/Kmol

Therefore, the gas constant is 0.0821 atm.L/Kmol

4 0

3 years ago

Is yeast living or non living?

enyata [817]

Yeast is a living organism

8 0

2 years ago

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