Explanation:
1. Effective Nuclear Charge (ENC):
Effective nuclear charge is the net positive charge from the nucleus on to the valence electrons in orbit.
To calculate ENC:
ENC = Atomic number - Number of non-valence electrons
The atomic number is the number of protons in the atom
The non-valence electrons are the inner orbital electrons.
Learn more:
Effective nuclear charge brainly.com/question/5441986
2. Ionization energy:
Ionization energy is the amount of energy required for the removal of an electron from an atom.
Different kinds of atoms bind their valence electrons with different amounts of energy.
- The first ionization energy is the energy needed to remove the most loosely bound electron of an atom in the ground phase.
- It is the smallest ionization energy in an atom.
Learn more;
Ionization energy brainly.com/question/2153804
3. Why does Na have a smaller ionization energy compared to Magnesium:
Some factors determines the magnitude of the ionization energy. They are :
- Nuclear charge
- Atomic radius
- Sublevel accommodating the electron to be removed
- Special stability of filled and half-filled sublevels.
All these factors interplay and gives a periodic trend of ionization energy.
Across the period, ionization energy increases due the nuclear charge not being compensated for by successive electronic shells.
Na is before Mg in the third period.
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Ionization energy brainly.com/question/2153804
4. Bromine and Chlorine
Both elements are in Group 7 on the periodic table and they are called halogens.
Down a group, ionization energy decreases because the increasing atomic radii and shielding effect of the inner shells on the valence electrons.
Chlorine is before Bromine and will have a higher ionization energy.
Ionization energy brainly.com/question/2153804
5. Ion
An ion is an atom that has lost or gained electrons.
An atom is electrically neutral and it is made up of equal number of protons and electrons.
When an atom looses an electron, it becomes positively charged, a type of ion called a cation. If it gains an electron, it becomes negatively charged, a type of ion called anion.
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Anion brainly.com/question/11041787
6. What kind of elements becomes positively charged and why?
Metals are the type of elements that becomes positively charged.
A positively charged atom is one in which has lost an electron. Such atoms will readily lose electron in order to attain stability.
Metals are said to be electropositive in this regard.
This is related to ionization energy. Metals generally have low ionization energy.
How does electron configuration change for a positively charged ion:
In a neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons are the same.
For positively charged ions, the number of protons is clearly greater than the number of electrons because it has lost electron. The number of neutron stays the same.
Learn more:
Electronegative brainly.com/question/11932624
7. What kind of elements becomes negatively charged and why?
Non-metals are the type of elements that becomes negatively charged. They are called anions because they are negatively charged. When an atom becomes an anion, it has gained more electrons.
The readiness of an electron to gain electron is known as electronegativity. Non-metals are highly electronegative. The achieve a stable electronic configuration when they lose electrons.
How does electron configuration change for a negatively charged ion:
The number of electrons here is more than the number of protons. The number of neutrons will still remain the same.
Learn more:
Electronegative brainly.com/question/11932624
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