Answer:
1. Inhibiting IP3 channels, leading to decreased Ca2 in the sarcoplasm and reduced contraction.
2. Increasing the relative activity of MLCP, leading to a decrease in tension.
3. Activating K channels, increasing K leaking out of the cell which hyperpolarizes it and decreases the likelihood of Ca2 entry.
Explanation
In smooth muscle, cyclic AMP (cAMP) mediates relaxation because cAMP inhibits a specific kinase required for myosin light chain protein (MLCP) phosphorylation, thereby triggering contraction in the smooth muscles. It has been shown that cAMP inhibits 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-dependent calcium ions (Ca 2+) release by activation of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). PKG proteins act to modulate Ca2+ oscillations by stimulating sarcoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase membrane proteins, increasing Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and Ca2+ efflux from the cells, and activate voltage-gated potassium (K) channels, thereby leading to membrane hyperpolarization and reducing Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ channels.
Answer is D.
you can learn A,B, and C from examining fossils
The definition of Epistasis in gene biology is Choice D: when the allele of one gene masks the phenotype of another gene
Definition:
When the phenotypic effect of alleles at one gene are masked by alleles of another gene.
In essence, a gene is said to be epistatic when its presence suppresses the effect of a gene at another locus.
It is important to know that Epistatic genes are often called inhibiting genes because of their effect on other genes which are described as hypostatic.
Additionally, there are six common types of epistasis gene interactions:
- Polymeric gene interaction,
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From the diagram above, I dont think that organisms of the same order share a stronger evolutionary relationship than organisms in the same phylum. This is because, after kingdoms, the subsequent categories of increasing specificity are: phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
<h3>Levels in taxonomic classification</h3>
At each sublevel in the taxonomic classification system, organisms become more similar.
Organisms that share similar physical features and genetic sequences tend to be more closely related than those that do not.
Scientists use a tool called a phylogenetic tree to show the evolutionary pathways and connections among living organisms.
<h3>Phylogenetic tree</h3>
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram used to reflect evolutionary relationships among organisms or groups of organisms
<h3>
Taxonomical classification</h3>
Taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining and classifying groups of living organisms based on shared characteristics. There are seven main taxonomic ranks:
- kingdom
- phylum ( in animals )or division ( in plants )
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species.
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The Experiment name is 'swan neck flask'.
Since only one of his two treatments employed the same type of nutritious broth and flask, only one of his two treatments was exposed to preexisting cells.
Nutrient Broth- A common culture medium for undemanding microorganisms is nutrient broth. Numerous standardized techniques for analyzing meals, dairy products, water, and other items advocate it.
Pre-existing Cell- All cells originate from previously existing cells, according to the third component of the cell theory definition. This implies that cells are not created spontaneously, as the term "spontaneous genesis" implies. Current cells are constantly used to create new ones.
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