By injecting Mesenchymal Stem Cells with ability to express high amount of Akt or protein kinase B in myocardium, researchers witnessed restored cardiac function and inhibition of ventricular remodeling. The effect was seen after two weeks of administration of cells. The culture containing hypoxic Akt-MSCs (conditioned medium) inhibits apoptosis or cell death induced due to hypoxia. Also, it triggers in vitro contraction of cardiomyocytes, the cardiac cells specifically responsible for contraction function.
The desired functional improvement can occur in short time which is less than 72 hours, the reason for which was hypothesized as paracrine action of cells. Hypothesis was proved by upregulation of genes that code for factors responsible for above mentioned effects (apoptosis and contraction). The factors are FGF-2, VEGF, HGF etc.
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Answer:
Superbugs are bacteria that are resistant to Antibiotics.Bacteria becomes resistant to antibiotics and carry genes that allow them to survive in harsh conditions. The infection caused by these bacterias are difficult to treat.These antibiotic resistance can be trasmitted from one bacteria to its offspring.
Explanation:
Lysosomes break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.
The answer is homeostasis (b)
