Answer:
a. the pH within the thylakoid is less than that of the stroma
Explanation:
The pH of thylakoid membrane is 8 at normal conditions but it became highly acidic like 4 during photosynthesis. The electron transport chain utilize the energy released by excited electrons to pump the H+ ions to lumen of thylakoid membrane from stroma during light reaction of photosynthesis. The H+ ions are present in both the stroma and thylakoid membranes. These high potential H+ ions are utilized by ATP synthase complex for the production of ATP.
We know that more the H+ ions lesser will be the pH and lumen have the high concentration of H+ ions. While the pH of stroma is normally kept acidic by plants to create a concentration and potential difference of H+ ions for the production of ATP. That why the lumen have lower pH than stroma of chloroplast.
Answer:
The question: Do mice live longer when they are fed high sugar diets?
Hypothesis: There are two hypothesis the null hypothesis which we assume is correct, it states that a high sugar diet will have no effect on the life span of a mouse and an alternate hypothesis that we accept if evidence shows that sugar does increase the life span if mice. It says a high sugar diet does incerease the life span of mice.
Prediction: Assume that the null hypothesis is correct. High sugar diets will not increase the life span of the mice.
Collect data through experimentation. Use some mice as a 'control'. These mice will not undergo any changes but will be kept for comparison. Expose some other mice to high sugar diets and the compare the outcome with the 'control' mice.
Analyzing: From the experiment this you can choose which hypothesis you are going to accept. I.e. null: no change or alternate: there was a change and do some extra research to back up your hypothesis.
Hope this helps :)
Animal behavior researchers often refer to an activity associated with punishment or reward as an operant. The basis for training animals is the operant conditioning. It is a learning process where the animal would learn base from its behavior as it responds to its environment. In this type of learning, the behavior is either increased or decreased by the results that follows the action. It uses rewards and punishments in order to associate with the behavior. For instance, you are trying to teach your dog to fetch an object, if he succeeds in fetching the object, then you give your dog a treat. The dog would think that what it is doing is good and that it would get a reward from it so it would start learning the behavior.
