Darwin explained that evolution occur due to natural selection.
What on earth, please repeat the question clearer
2 would be A because fertilization is where the sperm cell and egg unite. 3 would be C because in the picture you can see how the division is occuring.
The nurse should obtain the specimen from the catheter.
One of the tests from urinalysis that frequently got contaminated is about infection. The area near the orificium of uretra is near the skin, so there will be microbes around it that can contaminate the sample. The contaminated sample will give a false positive and the result will show the urine are infected.
Taking the specimen from catheter will prevent that contamination, thus giving a better sample.
4) stimulating the production of antibodies
so in future when you catch the same cold your body will be able to produce antibodies quickly because the memory cell remembers the antibodies that fights off the colds
i hope this helps and sorry if this is wrong