Explain exactly how cofactors enable an enzyme's catalytic activity

1 answer:

3 0

Enzymes and cofactors usually work hand in hand as most cells cannot function alone. Cofactors can increase the rate of catalytic activity in enzymes and can also be crucial in order to breed a chemical response between the enzyme and substrate and enable to convert into a product

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Categorize these measurements associated with fishing according to level: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio.

Alinara [238K]

Answer:

If the question is the one that was mentioned below, the answers would be:

A. Nominal

B. Ratio

C. Interval (Ratio if it means time flow or rate)

D. Ordinal

E. Ratio

F. Interval (Ratio if it is in Kelvin)

Explanation:

Categorize these measurements associated with fishing according to the level; nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or ratio.

(A) Kinds of fish is caught; preach, bass, trout, pike

(b) cost of the rod and reel

(d) guidebook rating of fishing areas; poor, fair, good.

(E) Number of fish caught

(f) temperate of water

There are 4 types of measurement scales:

Nominal scale

This type of scale is basically categorical. It does not involve quantities or numerical values. The data are labels, such as in your example, types of fish. It identifies data based on categorical qualities.

Ordinal

Ordinal scales show us no quantities as well, but unlike nominal, it shows the order of the variables. In other words, it can give you a relative position of the data in a scale of measurement. Example would be ratings like in the problem above. If it is rated poor, you know it is less than fair and good, but you do not know how much less than the other.

Interval

This is where you might get confused. Interval data gives numerical values and measurable distances, but there is no "true" zero. This means that although interval data can give you the distance between two data points, it cannot give you a starting point. An example of this is temperature in Fahrenheit or in Celsius. There is a range between different temperatures, but it can go below zero, meaning the zero here is also part of the interval but not the start. Time location like 12:00 or 2:30 is also an interval scale because there is no starting point when it comes to the intervals between each time.

Ratio

The difference between ratio and interval is that ratio scales have a true zero. This means that things are measured from a starting point of 0. LIke height, weight, cost. The distance from the starting point to the next data point is measureable. Like number of fish, in terms of your problem. You could have caught no fish which is zero. You could have caught 2 or 3, which you can say, that 2 is less than 3 which gives it a value.

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4 years ago

A mutation in the Ras protein renders Ras constitutively active (RasD). What is constitutive activation? How does constitutively

frosja888 [35]

Answer:

Constitutive activation is the alteration of a protein or signaling pathway such that it is functional or engaged even in the absence of an upstream activating event. For example, RasD is constitutively active because it cannot bind GAP and therefore remains in the GTP-bound, active state even when cells are not stimulated by growth factor to activate a receptor tyrosine kinase.

Constitutively active Ras is cancer promoting because cells will proliferate in the absence of growth factors, and thus normal regulatory mechanisms for cell proliferation are bypassed.

(a) A mutation that resulted in Smad3 binding Smad4, entering the nucleus, and activating transcription independent of phosphorylation by the TGFβ receptor would render Smad3 constitutively active.

(b) A mutation that made MAPK active as a kinase and able to enter the nucleus without being phosphorylated by MEK would render MAPK constitutively active.

(c) A mutation that prevented NF-KB from binding to IK-B or that allowed NF-KB to enter the nucleus and regulate transcription even when bound to IK-B would render NF-KB constitutively active.

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3 years ago

Hypothesize how some people have red hair through viable errors. Explain your answer in 1-2 sentences.

DENIUS [597]

Considering a viable error as a mutation that remains viable for the continuation of life, we can confirm that some people have red hair through viable errors due to mutations in the genetic code.

A viable error or mutation would be any mutation that allows the cell in question to stay alive. This is because there are mutations in which key features or processes essential to life are altered.

The cells that suffer these mutations would not be able to sustain life. The mutation that causes red hair is a mutation in the gene responsible for melanin (the pigment that gives hair its color) is not one that affects an essential process.

For this reason, we can confirm that some people have red hair through viable errors given that these errors or mutations do not affect mechanisms essential to life.

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