Answer:
The biggest changes were in rigging. At first they concentrated on lateen sails, then added a mix of square sails and lateen for deeper penetration into the South Atlantic, with further changes for the much longer route round the Cape. Knowledge of these techniques was protected by forbidding sales of ships to other countries. A third commercial advantage was Portugal's ability to absorb “new Christians” — Jewish merchants and scholars had played a significant role during Muslim rule.
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They had to limit their army severely and pay heavy reparations which crippled the nation.
Wrote sensational reports on a variety of serous problems facing the US. Their works were widely published, and widely read, and they motivated people to make reforms.
